refer to sb./sth. as sth.简单

Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “GAFA tax,” meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon — in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.

许多法国政界人士和媒体将其称为“GAFA税”，意思是该税主要针对谷歌、苹果、脸书和亚马逊等公司——换句话说，就是总部设在美国的跨国科技公司。

“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity — where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.

“已有研究表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠——即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过它的另一只老鼠，”奎因说。

As the brain [fades], we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”

随着大脑衰退，我们把这些情况称为“老年时刻”。