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- a. 理论的未考
大纲外大纲词表没有列出、但真题里用到的意思。 派生由这个词构成的派生词、合成词的意思。
a. 学术性的14 次
Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of age, nationality or academic experience.
任何人都可以成为公民科学家，无论年龄、国籍或学术经历如何。
requires further academic research.
需要进一步的学术研究。
promoted academic publishing.
促进了学术出版
When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
当一个学院或系在三四年内从比如说5名成员增加到20名，(49) 并且新进员工主要是刚完成研究生学业的年轻男女时，他们在很大程度上决定了该学院学术生活的规范。
And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution — this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.
而如果研究生人数也迅速增长，教师和学生之间失去了紧密的师徒关系，学生文化就会成为新研究生社会化的主要力量，并对院校的智识和学术生活产生影响——这种情况在美国以及法国、意大利、西德和日本都出现过。
(50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
(50) 高增长率增加了学术创新的机会；但也削弱了在稳定或缓慢增长时期教师和学生得以进入学者共同体的形式和过程。
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academic training.
学术训练。
And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic.
而且在上了12年学之后，花一年时间做与学业无关的事情会让人感觉不自然。
The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
解决办法是改变学术界的思维方式，以及它对自身主要目标的认识。全球性挑战和社会创新应当得到科学家，尤其是年轻科学家更多的关注。
Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.
遗憾的是，洛杉矶联合学区出台了一项僵化的政策，规定除部分高级课程外，家庭作业在学生学业成绩中所占比重不得超过10%。
If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing.
如果学区认为家庭作业对学生的学业成就不重要，就应当着手减少或取消作业，而不是让作业几乎不计分。
The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.
用于学术研究的公共资金的增长加速了这一进程：1960年至1990年间，联邦研究经费增长了三倍，而由于研究占用了大量精力，教师的授课时间却减少了一半。
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one.
专业化已使获得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件：而直到1969年，还有三分之一的美国教授没有博士学位。
The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
梅南先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键在于改变“知识生产者被培养出来”的方式。否则，学者们的思维将继续危险地趋同，与他们所研究、调查和批评的社会日益脱节。“至少在某些领域，学术探究可能需要减少排他性，变得更加全面。”然而，究竟如何做到这一点，梅南先生并没有说。
a. 学院的，大学的5 次
But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits — in fact, it probably enhances it.
但与普遍的误解相反，间隔年并不会妨碍学业上的成功——事实上，它很可能会促进这种成功。
If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices.
如果你还不相信花一年时间探索兴趣有其内在价值，那么请考虑一下它对未来学业选择的经济影响。
This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of the vast academic possibilities that await them in college.
这并不奇怪，因为高中基础必修课程让学生对大学里等待着他们的广阔学术可能性知之甚少。
avoid academic failures.
避免学业失败。
academic backgrounds.
学业背景。
n. 学者，大学教师大纲外3 次
Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again [warning] that technology is replacing human workers.
今天也不例外，学者、作家和社会活动人士再次{{1}}，技术正在取代人类劳动者。
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.
这两位学者借助一系列行为研究表明，最能带来回报的花钱方式可能与直觉相悖。
The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
梅南先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键在于改变“知识生产者被培养出来”的方式。否则，学者们的思维将继续危险地趋同，与他们所研究、调查和批评的社会日益脱节。“至少在某些领域，学术探究可能需要减少排他性，变得更加全面。”然而，究竟如何做到这一点，梅南先生并没有说。
n. （academics）学业，学术课程派生1 次
Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.
在适应大学生活、被投入一个全新环境时，间隔年的经历可以减轻冲击，让学生更容易专注于学业和活动，而不是适应过程中的失误。