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Now, researchers have used genomes of over 200 donkeys to trace their domestication back to a single event around 7,000 years ago in East Africa — about 3,000 years before humans tamed horses.
如今，研究人员利用200多头驴的基因组，将驴的驯化追溯到大约7000年前发生在东非的一次单一事件——比人类驯服马早了约3000年。
They also looked at genomes from 15 wild equids and 31 earlier donkeys that lived between about 4,000 and 100 years ago.
他们还研究了15种野生马科动物以及31头生活在约4000年前到100年前之间的早期驴的基因组。
This concept has served as a central goal for curriculum developers, local school boards, business and community leaders, and policymakers ever since its introduction nearly 80 years ago.
自近80年前提出以来，这一概念一直是课程开发者、地方学校董事会、商界和社区领袖以及政策制定者的核心目标。
The slow sea level rise in the Mediterranean [submerged] the city more than 3,000 years ago.
地中海海平面的缓慢上升在3000多年前{{3}}了这座城市。
Five years ago, at summer’s end, Andrew Fusek Peters was diagnosed with bowel cancer. “I was waiting for surgery, feeling really ill, sitting in my garden. It was amazing weather and there were painted lady butterflies everywhere,” he says. “They were a symbol of fragile life, of hope and defiance, and something appealed to my soul.”
五年前的夏末，安德鲁·富塞克·彼得斯被诊断出患有肠癌。“我在等待手术，感觉非常难受，坐在我的花园里。天气好极了，到处都是小红蛱蝶，”他说，“它们象征着脆弱的生命，象征着希望与不屈，有某种东西打动了我的灵魂。”
Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things.
大约2000年前，罗马人开始撤出苏格兰时，留下了一批奇特的宝藏：10吨钉子，将近一百万枚。
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Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.
两个世纪前，保护自然而非开发自然的理念，对许多美国定居者来说是一个新奇的想法。公众开始支持土地保护工作——尤其是认识到黄石地区的壮美——的转折点之一，是以生动照片的形式出现的。
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.
高分子化学家西娅·范·奥斯滕说，某些手工艺品尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺术的先驱者并不总是知道如何恰当地混合原料。她在几年前退休之前，在荷兰文化遗产局工作了几十年。
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture.
半个多世纪前，麻省理工学院开设了高级视觉研究中心（CAVS），以探索技术在文化中的作用。
I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War.
几年前，我在阅读查尔斯·欧曼爵士的鸿篇巨制《半岛战争史》时，第一次发现了拿破仑时代的密码战。
When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
几十年前这种做法刚出现时，通常仅限于新生，目的是在他们难以适应大学水平的课程时，给他们在第一年再上一次某门课的机会。
There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
一种膨胀的过程一直在起作用：(47) 如今，任何申请研究职位的人发表的论文数量，都必须是仅仅10年前同一职位所要求数量的两倍。
The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing — Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all.
数字经济巨头的实力和野心令人震惊——亚马逊刚刚宣布以135亿美元收购高端连锁杂货店全食超市，而两年前脸书为收购WhatsApp即时通讯服务付出的代价甚至更高，而WhatsApp根本没有任何实体产品。
Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.
十年前的周一，第30届奥运会宣布将在伦敦举办。
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires — nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.
2015年，美国林务局首次将其55亿美元年度预算的一半以上用于扑灭火灾——这一比例几乎是20年前用于此类工作的比例的两倍。
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.”
一个世纪前，奥克塔维娅·希尔创立国民信托，并不是为了拯救时髦的房屋，而是为了“为所有人永远留住自然之地的美”。
Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago.
很可能，你的头像照片如今被人看到的次数比一二十年前多得多。
A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.
几年前的一个圣诞节，我最小的继女——她当时九岁——收到了一件超人T恤作为圣诞礼物。
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.
两年前，鲁珀特·默多克的女儿伊丽莎白谈到了“我们如此多的机构普遍缺乏诚信，令人不安”。
Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn.
哈佛商学院教授南希·克恩说：“即使在传统的办公室里，美国企业界的通用语言也比20年前感性得多，也更偏‘右脑’了。”
This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.
这一数字目前比一年前高出83万（4.4%）。
Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its year ago level.
非自愿兼职就业人数仍远高于经济衰退前的水平，但比一年前减少了64万（7.9%）。
is harder to acquire than one year ago.
比一年前更难获得。
We suddenly can’t remember [where] we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love.
我们会突然想不起刚才把钥匙放在了哪里，想不起一位老熟人的名字，或是一支我们曾经喜爱的老乐队的名字。
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely — though by no means uniformly — glowingly positive.
直到几十年前，我们对未来的憧憬在很大程度上——尽管绝非全都如此——是热情乐观的。
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners.
一个世纪前，横渡大西洋而来的移民中既有定居者，也有旅居者。
After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week.
支付各种账单后，托尼每周有60英镑可花，其中40英镑用于吃饭；但10年前，他从事企业公关工作，年薪13万英镑，每周至少在伦敦最好的餐馆吃两次饭。
In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.
据Liberum研究公司称，由于紧张不安的董事会坚持留用现有领导人，第三季度首席执行官的更替率比一年前下降了23%。
Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.
十年前，埃伦·马拉姆辞去纯果乐公司总裁一职，称她想当首席执行官。
A year ago the end seemed near.
一年前，末日似乎近在眼前。
Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
虽然不是几年前常见的20%的利润率，但毕竟还是盈利了。
The question would have sounded strange not long ago.
不久前，这个问题听起来还会显得很奇怪。
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now.
“三十年前，人们无法想象会在工作场所或酒吧禁烟，然而这正是我们现在的情况。