genetic中等

Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors.

作者们写道，了解这种马科动物的基因构成不仅有助于揭示它们对人类历史的贡献，而且随着气候变化改变地球环境，还可能改善未来对它们的管理。

Genetic analysis offers insight into the history of donkeys.

基因分析有助于深入了解驴的历史。

That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass.

这是一个很大的瓶颈。”遗传资源专家拉姆尼·贾姆纳达斯说。

Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are ‘masting’ species, which don’t produce seeds every year.

国际生物多样性中心驻罗马的森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，这里对基础设施——诸如收集和储存种子的机制以及培育幼苗的苗圃——的需求可能最为迫切，因为许多树木属于“大年结实”物种，并非每年都结种子。

Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s.

批评者反对基因专利的主要理由有三：基因是自然的产物，因此不能申请专利；基因专利压制而非奖励创新；专利垄断限制了人们获得像麦利亚德公司那样的基因检测。

Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.

去年，一个联邦特别工作组敦促改革与基因检测相关的专利。

As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even [know] their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who [resemble] our kin.”

正如加州大学圣迭戈分校医学遗传学教授詹姆斯·福勒所说：“大多数人甚至不认识自己的四代表亲，却总能设法选择与我们亲属相似的人做朋友。”

A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer.

一家联邦上诉法院推翻了先前的判决，裁定麦利亚德基因公司确实可以持有两个有助于预测女性乳腺癌风险的基因的专利。