hitherto困难

He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.

他将音乐从此前盛行的和声与结构的陈规中解放了出来。

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.

马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道：“至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”

As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

对于一个迄今为止由古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布列兹这样的音乐家执掌的乐团而言，用这样的话来形容它的下一任音乐总监，至少在部分《纽约时报》读者看来，恐怕算不上什么褒奖。