monopoly中等

tech multinationals’ monopoly should be prevented.

应当防止跨国科技公司的垄断。

What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.

重要的是，这些算法将归属于一个利用公共资源开发它们的私人垄断企业。

the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

科技巨头对大数据的垄断。

Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s.

批评者反对基因专利的主要理由有三：基因是自然的产物，因此不能申请专利；基因专利压制而非奖励创新；专利垄断限制了人们获得像麦利亚德公司那样的基因检测。

So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

因此，各学科不仅垄断了知识的生产，还垄断了知识生产者的培养。