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n. 贫穷，贫困9 次
Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.
这些社会援助计划被称为有条件现金转移支付（CCT），旨在减少不平等、打破贫困循环。
In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗·费拉罗说，事实上，扶贫和环境保护常常被视为相互冲突的目标。
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.
这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而保护环境有时又与更严重的贫困相关。
Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.
费拉罗想看看印度尼西亚的扶贫计划是否正在影响森林砍伐。
Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
费拉罗说，即使这个计划没有减少贫困，“仅就二氧化碳排放而言，避免森林砍伐所带来的价值就超过了该计划的成本。”
its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
该国每年的减贫速度。
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There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
有一种更好的方式来赢得争论。设想你赞成提高我们州的最低工资，而我不赞成。如果你大喊“赞成”，我大喊“反对”，我们谁都学不到任何东西。我们既不理解也不尊重对方，也没有妥协或合作的基础。相反，假设你给出一个合理的论证：全职工人不应该生活在贫困之中。然后我用另一个合理的论证来反驳：更高的最低工资会迫使企业雇用更少的人、缩短雇用时间。这样我们就能理解彼此的立场，并认识到我们共同的价值观，因为我们都关心贫困的工人。
Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay Office — a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
狄更斯出生于英格兰南部海岸的朴次茅斯。他的父亲是英国海军军饷处的一名职员——一个体面的职位，但社会地位不高。他的祖父母分别是管家和女管家，因为当过仆人，地位更低，狄更斯后来隐瞒了他们的出身。据说狄更斯的母亲出身于一个更体面的家庭。然而在狄更斯出生前两年，他的外祖父因偷窃被抓，逃往欧洲大陆，再也没有回来。家境日益贫困，迫使狄更斯在12岁时辍学，到沃伦鞋油作坊——一家鞋油厂——做工，在那里其他做工的男孩嘲笑他是“小绅士”。后来他的父亲因负债入狱。父亲入狱的屈辱和他在鞋油厂做工的经历成了狄更斯最大的创伤，也成了他最深的秘密。他甚至无法向妻子吐露这些事，尽管它们构成了他小说中未被承认的基础。
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.
即使社会科学家确实着手解决实际问题，其视野也往往局限于本地：例如，比利时主要关注的是贫困对比利时的影响。