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n. 鼠29 次
Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.
大象发达的海马体结构或许能让它们像老鼠和人类一样构建认知地图。
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.
老鼠和其他动物需要对来自同类的社交信号高度敏感，这样它们才能识别出可以合作的朋友和需要躲避的敌人。
To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
为了弄清这种能力是否延伸到非生命体，加州大学圣迭戈分校的拉蕾·奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否察觉到来自机器鼠的社交信号。
To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
为了弄清这种能力是否延伸到非生命体，加州大学圣迭戈分校的拉蕾·奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否察觉到来自机器鼠的社交信号。
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat — one social and one asocial — for four days.
他们把八只成年鼠与两种机器鼠——一种善于社交，一种不善社交——饲养在一起，为期四天。
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat — one social and one asocial — for four days.
他们把八只成年鼠与两种机器鼠——一种善于社交，一种不善社交——饲养在一起，为期四天。
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The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colourful markings.
这些机器鼠的设计相当简单，看起来像是一个更厚实的电脑鼠标，装有用来四处移动的轮子，并带有彩色标记。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.
在实验中，社交型机器鼠跟着活老鼠四处走动，玩同样的玩具，还会打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃出来。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.
在实验中，社交型机器鼠跟着活老鼠四处走动，玩同样的玩具，还会打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃出来。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape.
在实验中，社交型机器鼠跟着活老鼠四处走动，玩同样的玩具，还会打开笼门让被困的老鼠逃出来。
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
接下来，研究人员把机器鼠关进笼子，让老鼠有机会通过按压杠杆把它们放出来。
Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.
在各18次试验中，活老鼠释放社交型机器鼠的可能性平均比释放非社交型机器鼠高出52%。
This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.
这表明老鼠把社交型机器鼠视为真正的社会性生物。
This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.
奎因说，这可能使老鼠更好地记住自己早先曾解救过它，并希望在自己被困时机器鼠能投桃报李。
“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity — where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.
“已有研究表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠——即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过它的另一只老鼠，”奎因说。
“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity — where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.
“已有研究表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠——即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过它的另一只老鼠，”奎因说。
“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity — where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.
“已有研究表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠——即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过它的另一只老鼠，”奎因说。
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.
考虑到社交型机器鼠的设计如此简单，老鼠们如此乐意与之交朋友令人惊讶。
The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.
这个机器人和普通老鼠一样大，但看起来就像一个装着轮子的简单塑料盒。
“We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.
“我们原以为得给它装上能动的头和尾巴、加上面部特征，还要给它喷上气味让它闻起来像真老鼠，但事实证明没有必要，”协助这项研究的澳大利亚昆士兰大学的珍妮特·怀尔斯说。
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.
这一发现表明老鼠对社交信号有多么敏感，即使这些信号来自简单的机器人。
Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ____
奎因和她的同事进行了一项测试，以了解老鼠是否能够____
pick up social signals from non-living rats.
接收来自非生命鼠的社交信号。
distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one.
区分友好的老鼠和敌对的老鼠。
It set the trapped rats free.
它放出了被困的老鼠。
According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they ____
根据奎因的说法，老鼠释放社交型机器鼠是因为它们____
Janet Wiles notes that rats ____
珍妮特·怀尔斯指出，老鼠____
can remember other rats’ facial features.
能记住其他老鼠的面部特征。
It can be learned from the text that rats ____
从文中可以得知，老鼠____