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vi. 微笑，露出笑容11 次
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).
作为一名总在寻找能让我们重新评价过去的文字或图像的历史学家，我开始热衷于寻找那些展现我们维多利亚时代祖先微笑的照片（还有什么比这更好的方式来打破19世纪拘谨古板的形象呢？）。
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.
当然，我必须承认，我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”只占1840年至1900年间所拍摄的大量肖像照中极小的一部分，其中大多数照片里的拍摄对象都在彩绘背景前愁眉苦脸、姿势僵硬，或是茫然地凝视着不远处。
Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
到19世纪90年代，自然流露的笑容已相对容易捕捉，因此我们必须从别处寻找维多利亚时代的人为何仍不愿微笑的解释。
What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
在19世纪90年代，是什么可能让维多利亚时代的人拍照时不笑？
How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
拍照微笑是如何成为维多利亚时代之后的常态的？
The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!”
测试员会先问：“这里面有什么？”然后往容器里看，面带微笑地惊呼：“哇！”
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Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.
只有坚强的人才会选择微笑并珍视生活，而不是哭泣和抱怨。
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
公园是常见的主题，尤其是在较早的作品中，比如约翰·希利亚德非常有趣的《穿过公园》：在一系列图像中，一位长发散步者时而被漂亮女孩冲着微笑，时而在不知不觉中遭到袭击，而这些图像原来是同一张照片的不同部分。
If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying.
如果我们知道自己看到一张笑脸时会对消费品或住房选择反应过度（这正是优秀的销售代表和房地产经纪人总是面带微笑的原因之一），我们就可以在购买前稍作停顿。
Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles [reacted] more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, [suggesting] that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.
那些被迫动用微笑肌肉的人，对滑稽漫画的反应比那些嘴巴紧缩、呈皱眉状的人更热烈，这表明表情可能会影响情绪，而不仅仅是情绪影响表情。
Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
几乎每周的报刊亭里都至少有一位明星妈妈或准妈妈在微笑。
n. 微笑，笑容7 次
Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
到19世纪90年代，自然流露的笑容已相对容易捕捉，因此我们必须从别处寻找维多利亚时代的人为何仍不愿微笑的解释。
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
露齿的笑（尤其是牙齿有缝隙或发黑时）显得缺乏格调：醉汉、流浪汉和杂耍剧场的演员可能会做鬼脸、咧嘴大笑，笑容宽得像刘易斯·卡罗尔笔下露出牙龈的柴郡猫，但对于有良好教养的人来说，这可不是得体的样子。
Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
就连喜欢开怀大笑的马克·吐温也说过，说到肖像照，“没有什么比一个被永远定格的傻乎乎的笑容更糟糕的了”。
Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ____
引用马克·吐温的话是为了说明，对照片中笑容的反感是____
“Eye contact and smiles” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
“眼神交流和微笑”可以传递出愿意交往和自信的信号，这一常识性观念得到了心理学家莫妮卡·穆尔研究的支持。
So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello” — do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.
所以要简单：“嗨”“嘿”或“你好”——尽你所能聚集起全部的热情和活力，露出灿烂的笑容，说一声“嗨”。
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In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to [hold] a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile — or with their lips, which would produce a(n) [disappointed] expression.
在1988年发表的一项实验中，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·斯特拉克让志愿者要么用牙齿咬住一支笔——由此制造出一个假笑——要么用嘴唇含住笔，这会产生一种失望的表情。