so-called中等

Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.

最近，这种掠夺性行为出现了另一种表现形式：为个人作者和期刊提供语言及其他编辑支持的所谓支持服务咨询公司，有时会建议投稿人在文章中添加若干引用。

Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it [differs] so greatly from that of animals that so-called [evidence] of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.

作者写道，植物生物学复杂而迷人，但它与动物生物学差异如此之大，以至于所谓植物具有智能的证据并不确凿。

Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.

与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感出现得稍晚一些，它伴随着儿童对社会和道德规范的逐渐理解而产生。

This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

这就是为什么研究人员普遍认为，适量的所谓道德内疚是一件好事。