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n. 动物，野兽，牲畜40 次
But where and when these animals first became intertwined with humans has been a mystery.
但这些动物最初是在何时何地与人类产生密切联系的，一直是个谜。
“Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement.
“通过它们的DNA，这些动物在亲自讲述自己的历史，”论文合著者、佛罗里达大学马科动物研究员萨曼莎·布鲁克斯在一份声明中说。
Looking at these DNA sequences, we get a biological testimony to the environment these animals lived in and the experiences they survived.”
通过研究这些DNA序列，我们获得了一份生物学证词，证明了这些动物曾经生活的环境以及它们挺过的种种经历。”
The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event when herders in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild asses.
该团队重建了这些动物的进化树，并利用计算机模型精确定位了这一驯化事件——当时肯尼亚和非洲之角的牧民驯服了野驴。
They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later.
随后他们追踪了这些动物如何扩散到非洲大陆的其他地区，并在大约2500年后进入欧洲和亚洲。
The animals could benefit from more research: Currently, there are no published genomes from donkeys located south of the Equator in Africa.
这种动物可以从更多的研究中受益：目前，还没有已发表的非洲赤道以南地区驴的基因组。
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But understanding where the animals were first domesticated could guide archaeologists to a narrow region to search for insights about the original tamed donkeys.
但了解驴最初是在哪里被驯化的，可以引导考古学家在一个较小的区域内寻找有关最初被驯化的驴的线索。
So what’s the appeal of a long, sweaty day in pursuit of an elusive, fast-moving wild animal? “It just feels bloody brilliant,” says Peters. “If I’ve had a full day of good encounters with butterflies, met interesting butterfly people and I’ve got some good shots, that becomes a vault in my spiritual bank. It’s a happy feeling.”
那么，花上漫长而汗流浃背的一整天去追逐一种难以捉摸、行动迅速的野生动物，吸引力何在？“感觉就是棒极了，”彼得斯说，“如果我度过了与蝴蝶美好相遇的一整天，结识了有趣的蝴蝶爱好者，还拍到了一些好照片，那就成了我精神银行里的一座金库。那是一种快乐的感觉。”
Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A to point B most effectively.
这些集体“违规”的路线常常表现为穿过原本整洁的绿地、被踩出来的土路，它们抄近道、横穿草坪、翻越山丘，体现了人（和动物）以最高效的方式从A点到达B点的天然能力。
show a shared trait in humans and animals.
体现了人类和动物的共同特点。
Pennsylvania farmers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields, yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.
举一个很能说明问题的例子：宾夕法尼亚州的农民在决定是否往田里施撒动物粪便时，并不会考虑马里兰州明年的蓝蟹收成，然而流入附近溪流的径流却可能对下游产生巨大影响。
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was [coined] around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be [compared] to intelligence in animals.
植物具有某种程度意识的观点最早在21世纪初生根；“植物神经生物学”这一术语正是围绕这样一种观念而创造的：植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智能相比拟。
Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it [differs] so greatly from that of animals that so-called [evidence] of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
作者写道，植物生物学复杂而迷人，但它与动物生物学差异如此之大，以至于所谓植物具有智能的证据并不确凿。
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have [argued] that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, [forming] “a plant nervous system, [analogous] to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They [even] claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
该研究的第一作者林肯·泰兹说：“从2006年开始，一些科学家就主张植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类神经元细胞，从而构成‘一个类似于动物神经系统的植物神经系统’，他们甚至声称植物的根尖处有‘类似大脑的指挥中心’。”
Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.
野生动物园和动物园都声称自己是为了动物的利益和保护目的而运营的。
They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.
它们是营利性机构，其利润远比动物的状况重要。
Animals despise being captives in zoos.
动物厌恶被圈养在动物园里。
Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals with their educational potential.
肯定存在某种折中办法，能在动物园对待动物的方式与其教育潜力之间取得平衡。
Emma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet.
埃玛·马里斯的文章是对成千上万充满热情、为改善动物生活和保护我们的星球而不懈努力的人的侮辱和伤害。
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat.
动物园站在动物保护的最前沿，并在不断发展，以改进照料动物的方式，并在自然栖息地中保护每一个物种。
A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
动物园里一只身体不适的动物所得到的治疗，和我们大多数人在当地医院得到的一样好，甚至更好。
But I believe that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher purpose.
但我相信，经营良好的动物园以及忍受圈养的英勇动物们，确实服务于一个更崇高的目的。
Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature.
我们的研究有力地证明了动物园在将人与动物、与自然联系起来方面的价值。
They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon, to better understand the natural world we live in.
它们为各种背景的人提供了接触从雄蜂到跳羚或鲑鱼等各种动物的机会，使人们更好地了解我们所生活的自然世界。
Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
不遗余力照料动物的动物园不应受到不公正的批评。
To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.
迫使动物园减少在动物身上的开支，将给它们所照料的珍贵动物带来不人道的后果。
While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.
虽然圈养的动物值得同情，但动物园在引导年轻人走上相关科学道路方面发挥着重要作用。
For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.
对于无法放归自然栖息地的野生动物来说，动物园提供了最好的替代选择。
Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.
动物园早就该关闭了，因为它们把赚钱置于动物的福祉之上。
These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture — special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases.
这些鸡蛋如今正以每打高达8美元的价格首次上架，它们仍然贴着有机和动物友好的标签，但它们还来自生活在采用再生农业的农场里的鸡——再生农业是一种培育能够锁住温室气体的肥沃土壤的特殊技术。
The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.
鸡蛋行业的这一推动，是对再生农场的动物产品能否成为下一个高端产品的首次重大考验。
They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.
据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格贝尔说，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生对这一话题的态度多变且不稳定；这种行为很容易衡量；伦理学文献大体上认同少吃肉是好的，因为这能减少环境危害和动物痛苦。
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.
老鼠和其他动物需要对来自同类的社交信号高度敏感，这样它们才能识别出可以合作的朋友和需要躲避的敌人。
“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,” says Wiles.
“我们人类似乎对机器人着迷，而事实证明其他动物也是如此，”怀尔斯说。
are more socially active than other animals.
在社交上比其他动物更活跃。
In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.
在纽约市的大多数无家可归者花园里，真正种植植物是不可行的，但即便如此，这些布置似乎常常代表着一种尝试，试图通过将材料成簇排列、引入色彩、设置小水池以及频繁摆放花瓣、树叶和毛绒动物等方式，唤起动植物的生命精神，哪怕只是象征性的。
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.
我们能够通过停顿来抑制本能反应，这正是我们区别于动物之处：狗只能断断续续地或在几分钟内思考未来。
All animals download, but only a few upload.
所有动物都会“下载”，但只有少数会“上传”。
Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.
然而在大多数情况下，动物界都是以“下载”的方式在世间生存。
Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
斯蒂芬森说，快餐连锁店还应停止提供玩具、可爱的动物玩偶和手机话费等“诱饵”来吸引年轻顾客。
a. 动物的，野兽的10 次
Animal desire paths, such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving direct routes in gardens, highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal experiences.
动物的欲望小径，比如鸭子在结冰的池塘上开出的小道，或狗在花园里踩出的直路，凸显了这类小径在人类和动物经验中的适应性。
Animal desire paths, such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving direct routes in gardens, highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal experiences.
动物的欲望小径，比如鸭子在结冰的池塘上开出的小道，或狗在花园里踩出的直路，凸显了这类小径在人类和动物经验中的适应性。
are a human imitation of animal behavior.
是人类对动物行为的模仿。
[However], the signaling in a plant is only [superficially] similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
然而，泰兹说，植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑中的神经放电只是表面相似，后者远不止是“一团通过电进行交流的细胞”。
Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to animal research or conservation.
它们都没有真正为动物研究或保护做出过任何贡献。
As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos.
同为环保主义者、动物保护倡导者和长期素食者，在动物园问题上，我本可以与埃玛·马里斯站在同一阵营。
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To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively — meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.
要大幅提高自给率，英国需要大幅减少动物性食品的消费，可能还要进行更集约化的耕作——这意味着更少的绿地和更多工厂式的生产。
There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.
英国以畜牧业为主是有充分理由的：其大部分地区没有适合商业化种植农作物的土壤或气候。
(47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
（47）一个神圣的宁静之所，无论多么简陋，都是人类特有的需求，而遮风避雨之所则是动物特有的需求。
In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.
在纽约市的大多数无家可归者花园里，真正种植植物是不可行的，但即便如此，这些布置似乎常常代表着一种尝试，试图通过将材料成簇排列、引入色彩、设置小水池以及频繁摆放花瓣、树叶和毛绒动物等方式，唤起动植物的生命精神，哪怕只是象征性的。