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n. 教育，培养，训练81 次
The role of radio in public music education.
无线电在公共音乐教育中的作用。
Science education today revolves around the idea of scientific literacy — the base-level knowledge about science that nonscientists require to effectively get on in the world.
当今的科学教育围绕着“科学素养”这一理念展开——即非科学工作者在世界上有效立足所需的基础科学知识。
(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education.
(46) 追溯这一术语的历史，我们可以看到科学素养的定义是如何随着时间推移而变化的，这使得确定科学教育的目标变得更加混乱。
In the United States, the desire to provide the public with a general, nontechnical education in science originated as far back as the late 1800s.
在美国，为公众提供普及性、非专业性科学教育的愿望早在19世纪后期就已出现。
(49) It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
(49) 直到20世纪40年代“科学素养”一词出现，科学才拥有了它所需要的强有力的口号，以引起公众的关注，并使改进科学教育成为一项重要的国家目标。
The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said.
她说，这项研究表明了将艺术融入教育的重要性。
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other old dramatists may be included in primary education.
其他古代剧作家可能会被纳入小学教育。
A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies that don’t simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care most about, like health care, education, and manufacturing.
一个更直接的应对办法是拓宽我们的数字想象力，构想出不只是取代工作、而是在全国各地最关心的行业（如医疗保健、教育和制造业）中扩大机会的人工智能技术。
The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.
自最近的极端高温以来，得克萨斯州的天气或许已经转凉，但本月在奥斯汀召开的州教育委员会会议上气氛将会十分火热，因为官员们将辩论得州学校该如何讲授气候变化。
“They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education.
“他们轻率地把学者和科学家毕生的工作当作又一种被误导的观点而不予理会，”得克萨斯自由网络的高级传播策略师丹·奎因说，该组织是一个监督公共教育的非营利团体。
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.
由科学家和教师组成的非营利团体——美国国家科学教育中心去年开展了一项研究，考察全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上讲授气候变化，结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的评级。
climate education is insufficient at state public schools.
州立公立学校的气候教育不足。
policymakers have little drive for science education.
政策制定者对科学教育缺乏动力。
It is cultivated through education.
它是通过教育培养出来的。
Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility.
教育不再是实现社会流动的可靠途径。
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21: they will need to be constantly upskilling throughout their career to stay employable.
Z世代不太可能在18岁或21岁时就结束教育：他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断提升技能，才能保持可雇用性。
Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.
教育——而不仅仅是在校园里获得的知识——将成为Z世代职业轨迹的核心组成部分。
reassess the necessity of college education.
重新评估大学教育的必要性
public discontent with education.
公众对教育的不满
parents are changing their minds about education.
家长正在改变对教育的看法
improve local education systems.
改善当地教育体系。
World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.
第二次世界大战是现代西方社会高等教育的分水岭事件。
But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.
但战后，反法西斯战争胜利所带来的巨大社会和政治变革，使欧美经济体对受过中等以上教育的毕业生的需求日益增长。
(47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
(47) 而且，这些社会中兴起的接受高等教育的需求扩展到了战前从未想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。
These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.
这些需求导致高等教育体系急剧扩张，这种扩张始于20世纪60年代，并在70年代和80年代迅速（尽管不均衡地）发展。
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.
高等教育的增长至少表现为三种截然不同的方式，而这些方式又相应地引发了不同的问题。
There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
首先是增长速度：(48) 在许多西欧国家，20世纪60年代高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番，到70年代中期又在七年、八年或十年内再次翻番。
And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
第三，增长体现在相应年龄组中进入高等院校就读者所占比例的变化上。
finance their staff’s college education.
资助员工的大学教育。
Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades — is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
分数膨胀——过去几十年来平均GPA（平均绩点）的逐步上升——常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作需要取悦的顾客。
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education.
的确，成绩豁免只是大学回应消费者对高等教育期望的又一种方式。
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.
正如埃里克·布林约尔松和安德鲁·麦卡菲在《第二次机器革命》中所主张的，第一步应当是重新思考教育和职业培训。
Online education can supplement the traditional kind.
在线教育可以补充传统教育。
Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ____
自动化时代的教育应当更加强调____
Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype…that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.
他说，职业教育类学校“背负着那种刻板印象……认为它是为学业上不成功的孩子准备的”。
More education is the new principle.
接受更多教育成了新的准则。
When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.
当教育变得千篇一律时，就有可能忽视一个国家人才的多样性。
There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who ____
存在一种偏见，认为职业教育是为那些____的孩子准备的
indicates the overvaluing of higher education.
表明了对高等教育的过度重视。
Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.
该研究没有只关注GDP，而是衡量了来自健康、教育和公民社会参与等方面的40多套不同标准，以便对各国的表现做出更全面的评估。
Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline.
诚然，自2008年全球金融危机以来，经济已初现复苏，但在健康和教育等领域的关键指标上，主要经济体却持续下滑。
It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes — all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.
它不包括环境质量或教育成果等重要因素——而这些都是有助于提升一个人幸福感的东西。
If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.
如果放任不管，随着对西班牙语、阿拉伯语或普通话等语言教育资源的需求增长，以及以日语、法语和德语等其他语言进行的国际业务流程外包不断扩展，这些趋势将削弱英语在国际教育市场上的相对优势。
(49) The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.
(49) 戴维·格拉多尔所指出的这些变化，都给英国面向其他国家民众的英语教学机构以及更广泛的教育行业带来了明显而重大的挑战。
The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly £1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exports earn up to £10 billion a year more.
英语教学行业直接为英国赚取了近13亿英镑的无形出口收入，而我们其他与教育相关的出口每年还能多赚多达100亿英镑。
As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.
随着国际教育市场的扩大，近来在主要英语国家学习的国际学生人数增长放缓的情况可能会持续下去，尤其是在没有有效的战略政策来防止这种下滑的情况下。
But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education.
但历届政府却主导了出售绿地、压缩地方政府资金以及在教育中日益忽视体育。
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.
根据美国国家教育统计中心的数据，近80%的大学生最终至少更换过一次专业。
But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
但北卡罗来纳州的教育顾问黛博拉·西霍恩说，他们学到的技能——如何有逻辑地思考问题并整理结果——适用于任何编程语言。
For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.
多年来，研究发现，第一代大学生——即父母都没有大学学位的学生——在一系列教育成就指标上落后于其他学生。
But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.
但由于这类学生如果在高等教育中取得成功，最有可能在经济上实现提升，因此几十年来各高校一直在努力招收更多这样的学生。
This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。
Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write.
他们写道，许多第一代大学生“难以适应高等教育中的中产阶级文化，难以学会‘游戏规则’，也难以利用大学资源”。
One is the excessive costs of a legal education.
原因之一是法律教育的费用过高。
Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?
在美国大多数州，下列哪一项增加了法律教育的费用？
the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.
本科学习在美国法律教育中的作用。
Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
然而遗憾的是，该报告未能触及博雅教育所面临危机的真正本质，这可能弊大于利。
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”
2010年，国会中民主党和共和党的领袖人物致信美国艺术与科学院，要求其确定“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者及其他各方”可以采取哪些行动，以“保持国家在人文社会科学学术和教育方面的卓越地位”。
Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.
遗憾的是，尽管历时两年半才完成，《问题的核心》却始终没有触及问题的核心：我国一流高校中博雅教育的“不博雅”本质。
The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.
该委员会忽视了这样一个事实：几十年来，美国高校培养出的毕业生并不了解博雅教育的内容和特质，因而也无法从中受益。
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.
美国艺术与科学院对博雅教育表现出极大的热情。
retain people’s interest in liberal education.
保持人们对博雅教育的兴趣。
define the government’s role in education.
界定政府在教育中的作用。
keep a leading position in liberal education.
在博雅教育方面保持领先地位。
safeguard individuals’ rights to education.
保障个人受教育的权利。
Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”.
“不博雅”的教育与《问题的核心》。
The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education.
美国艺术与科学院对博雅教育的贡献。
Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education.
进步主义政策与博雅教育之争。
During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
20世纪90年代末，各国在社会科学和人文学科上的支出占全部研发经费（包括政府、高等教育、非营利机构和企业的经费）的比例从约4%到25%不等；在大多数欧洲国家，这一比例约为15%。
But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.
但我们可以确定的一点是，随着全球化和信息技术革命的每一次推进，最好的工作将要求劳动者接受更多更好的教育，使自己高于一般水平。
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
在一个“一般”已正式终结的世界里，为了支持就业我们需要做很多事情，但没有什么比通过某种21世纪版的《退伍军人权利法案》更重要了，以确保每个美国人都能接受高中后教育。
to ensure more education for people.
确保人们接受更多教育。
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
改革遭到了激烈的反对，其中最臭名昭著的或许是在教育领域：特许学校、学园和绩效工资都经历了旷日持久的斗争。
Education is required for public-sector union membership.
加入公共部门工会需要一定的学历。
tend to have moderate expectations for their education.
往往对自己的教育期望不高。
restrict teachers’ power in education.
限制教师在教育中的权力。
A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age of 25.
2004年一项针对印度家庭的大型调查发现，近40%的移民受过高中以上教育，而在所有25岁以上的印度人中，这一比例约为3.3%。
His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” — they form a sort of social glue.
他关注的主要是人文学科：文学、语言、哲学等。这些学科正在变得不受欢迎：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修商科，而主修历史的只有2%，主修英语的只有4%。然而，许多美国一流大学希望本科生打好基础，掌握每一个受过教育的人都应具备的基本思想经典。但大多数大学难以就“通识教育”应该是什么样子达成一致。梅南先生指出，在哈佛，“名著之所以被阅读，是因为它们一直被人阅读”——它们形成了一种社会黏合剂。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。
The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
梅南先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键在于改变“知识生产者被培养出来”的方式。否则，学者们的思维将继续危险地趋同，与他们所研究、调查和批评的社会日益脱节。“至少在某些领域，学术探究可能需要减少排他性，变得更加全面。”然而，究竟如何做到这一点，梅南先生并没有说。