worker简单

Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services, like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US $2.13 an hour.

对于传统上收小费的服务行业（如餐厅）的员工来说，小费一直是重要的收入来源，在这些行业中，领取小费员工的最低工资可低至每小时2.13美元。

Tip creep and tipflation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.

小费蔓延和小费通胀如今正进一步补贴许多低薪服务人员的收入。

Notably, tipping primarily benefits some of these workers, such as waiters, but not others, such as cooks and dishwashers.

值得注意的是，小费主要惠及其中一部分员工，比如服务员，而不惠及另一些员工，比如厨师和洗碗工。

contribute less to workers’ income.

对员工收入的贡献更小。

“An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers, with middle-income jobs undercut by automation, will not be politically sustainable.”

“一个由科技百万富翁或亿万富翁与零工劳动者构成、中等收入工作被自动化削弱的经济，在政治上是不可持续的。”

Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.

泰勒说，由于新罕布什尔州南部城镇缺乏足够的经济适用房，“雇主很难吸引员工，而员工也很难找到住处”。

“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.”

“很多员工服务于旅游业，而旅游业又靠那些短期前来的人支撑，”卡斯尔说，“所以这是一种循环效应。”

a favorable policy for short-term workers.

针对短期工人的优惠政策。

school leavers are willing to be skilled workers.

中学毕业生愿意成为技术工人

Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”.

个人申诉程序旨在保护普通工人的工作免遭“不正当解雇”。

The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management.

其前提是，普通法中的合同法缺乏足够的保障措施来保护工人免受管理层的专断行为侵害。

Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them.

也是保住还是失去普通工人工作之间的差别。

Consequently — and paradoxically — laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.

因此——也很矛盾的是——为保护普通工人的工作而出台的法律，可能正在使这些工作面临风险。

If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages.

即使没有使工作面临风险，只要就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的经理，这些法律就会制约企业的生产率，进而制约工人的工资。

protect the rights of ordinary workers.

保护普通工人的权利

“Reskilling” is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.

“再培训”听起来像个时髦词，但如果我们希望在未来不让许多潜在劳动者掉队，它实际上是一项必需。

For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are.

对单个公司来说，它们总是倾向于解雇那些技能不再被需要的员工，并用技能仍有需求的人来替代他们。

Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.

加拿大及其他地方的努力充其量可以说是乏力的，造成了这样一种局面：即使在失业率很高的时期和地区，我们也经常听到雇主苦求工人。

In February, at 3.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the U.S. were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.

二月份，加拿大和美国的失业率分别为3.5%和5.5%，处于几十年来的低点，劳动力短缺随处可见。

As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 percent and 13.7 percent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so.

截至五月，这两个比率已飙升至13.3%和13.7%，尽管许多劳动力短缺已经消失，但并非全部如此。

That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 percent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff.

瑞典的情况似乎就是如此：在被迫让90%的客舱乘务人员停薪休假时，北欧航空公司决定启动一个短期再培训项目，对被裁员工进行再培训，使其能够协助医院工作人员。

a lack of medical workers.

医务人员的短缺。

prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.

让被裁员工为从事其他工作做好准备。

It is true that CEO pay has gone up — top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%.

首席执行官的薪酬确实上涨了——顶级首席执行官的薪酬平均可能是普通员工的300倍，而且自20世纪70年代中期以来，据各种不同的估计，美国大型上市公司首席执行官的薪酬上涨了约500%。

It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

这么说并不讨喜，但他们的薪酬上涨如此之多的一个原因是，相对于美国经济中的许多其他从业者，首席执行官们确实提升了自己的水平。

There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

有一种更好的方式来赢得争论。设想你赞成提高我们州的最低工资，而我不赞成。如果你大喊“赞成”，我大喊“反对”，我们谁都学不到任何东西。我们既不理解也不尊重对方，也没有妥协或合作的基础。相反，假设你给出一个合理的论证：全职工人不应该生活在贫困之中。然后我用另一个合理的论证来反驳：更高的最低工资会迫使企业雇用更少的人、缩短雇用时间。这样我们就能理解彼此的立场，并认识到我们共同的价值观，因为我们都关心贫困的工人。

There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

有一种更好的方式来赢得争论。设想你赞成提高我们州的最低工资，而我不赞成。如果你大喊“赞成”，我大喊“反对”，我们谁都学不到任何东西。我们既不理解也不尊重对方，也没有妥协或合作的基础。相反，假设你给出一个合理的论证：全职工人不应该生活在贫困之中。然后我用另一个合理的论证来反驳：更高的最低工资会迫使企业雇用更少的人、缩短雇用时间。这样我们就能理解彼此的立场，并认识到我们共同的价值观，因为我们都关心贫困的工人。

The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

如果不对农业工人的移民规定进行彻底改革，这些抱怨不太可能停止。

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.

国会一直阻挠为农业工人设立一种更简便签证的努力，这种签证将允许外国工人在美国停留更长时间，并在行业内更换工作。

Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry.

国会一直阻挠为农业工人设立一种更简便签证的努力，这种签证将允许外国工人在美国停留更长时间，并在行业内更换工作。

As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing.

随着入境的这类工人越来越少，农业劳动力的特征正在发生变化。

At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.

本世纪初，约三分之一的农作物工人年龄超过35岁。

One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

解决这一劳动力短缺问题的一个常被争论的办法，仍然像一直以来那样难以实现：美国本土工人不会回到农场。

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce.

因此，农场越来越依赖持H-2A签证的临时外籍工人来填补农业劳动力的缺口。

Even so, employers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.

即便如此，雇主们仍抱怨他们得不到所需的全部工人。

One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late.

一项调查发现，官僚作风造成的延误导致H-2A工人平均晚22天到岗。

The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.

联邦移民突击搜查使短缺问题雪上加霜，这些搜查让一些工人被遣送，又迫使另一些工人转入地下。

In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.

实际上，美国要么进口食品，要么进口采摘食品的工人。

Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.

美国针对农业工人的移民规定存在缺陷。

Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.

美国对外国工人的歧视。

the aging of immigrant farm workers.

移民农业工人的老龄化。

the high mobility of crop workers.

农作物工人的高流动性。

To get native U.S. workers back to farming.

让美国本土工人回归农业。

Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.

乐观主义者指出，技术剧变在过去曾使工人受益。

Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work.

同样，自动化最终应当会提高生产率，通过压低价格刺激需求，并把工人从繁重乏味的工作中解放出来。

But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

但在中期内，中产阶级工人可能需要大量帮助来进行调整。

But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

但帮助工人适应的政策将是必不可少的。

Middle-class workers.

中产阶级工人。

But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.

但只有44%的工人受过充分的培训。

There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.

工人阶级的工作岗位存在缺口，但最需要这些工作的工人却不具备胜任的能力。

You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door.

你每天都会遇到新的人：杂货店店员、出租车司机、单位里的新同事或门口的保安。

Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again [warning] that technology is replacing human workers.

今天也不例外，学者、作家和社会活动人士再次{{1}}，技术正在取代人类劳动者。

These days, because leisure time is relatively [scarce] for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional [demands] of their jobs.

如今，由于大多数劳动者的闲暇时间相对{{16}}，人们利用空闲时间来抵消工作在智力和情感上的{{17}}。

Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: Instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few.

在全国各地，工厂主们正在应对一个新的挑战：他们面临的可能不是工人太多，而是最终工人太少。

For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers — and upward pressure on wages.

对工厂主来说，这一切意味着对工人的激烈争夺——以及工资上涨的压力。

At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers.

罗曼制造公司是一家生产变压器和焊接设备的企业，由罗伯特·罗斯的父亲于1980年参与创办，在这里，罗斯密切关注着他手下近200名工人的年龄。

But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory.

但要赢得这些年轻工人，制造商们必须跨越另一个主要障碍：经历过大萧条以来美国最严重经济衰退的父母们告诉他们要远离工厂。

When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades.

经济复苏开始时，工人短缺首先出现在高技能行业。

believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers.

认为密切关注工人的年龄很重要。

says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.

说对工厂主来说，由于竞争激烈，工人更难找了。

They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.

只有当他们告诉调查人员自己是主动选择每周工作不足35小时时，才会被归为自愿兼职者。

That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.

黑格尔说，我们就是这样在美国工人背上贴了一个巨大的靶子。

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.

戴维森的文章是近来出现的众多文章之一，这些文章都指出：如今失业率居高不下、中产阶级收入不断下降，很大程度上是由于大衰退导致需求大幅下滑，但也是由于全球化和信息技术革命的推进，它们正以前所未有的速度用机器或外国工人取代劳动力。

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle.

过去，技能一般、从事一般工作的工人能够过上一般水平的生活。

As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared.”

正如戴维森所指出的：“在截至2009年的10年里，（美国）工厂裁员速度之快，几乎抹去了此前70年的全部增长；大约每三个制造业岗位中就有一个——总计约600万个——消失了。”

But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

但我们可以确定的一点是，随着全球化和信息技术革命的每一次推进，最好的工作将要求劳动者接受更多更好的教育，使自己高于一般水平。

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage.

农作物采摘工、小提琴手、建筑工人、企业家、工程师、家庭护工和物理学家都属于当今的“候鸟”。

When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.

1960年霍法领导的卡车司机工会处于鼎盛时期时，美国政府雇员中只有十分之一加入了工会；如今这一比例为36%。

In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

在英国，超过一半的公共部门雇员加入了工会，而私营部门雇员中只有约15%加入工会。

A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree.

美国四分之一的公共部门雇员拥有大学学位。

The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.

美国公共部门雇员中，年收入远超25万美元的只有大学体育教练和美国总统。

These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

这些正是英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国家试图通过向大学毕业生倾斜的移民规定来吸引的人才。

They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

他们担心人才流失会损害本国经济，使本国失去急需的技术人才，而这些人本可以在本国大学任教、在本国医院工作，并为本国工厂设计出巧妙的新产品。