history简单

In my own book about radio I recorded how, on one drive: “I caught up with the news, learnt some 17th-century history, and was startlingly educated by an unpretentious programme on the history of the stethoscope.”

在我自己写的关于无线电的书中，我记录了一次开车途中的经历：“我了解了最新新闻，学到了一些17世纪的历史，还被一档关于听诊器历史的朴实节目惊人地教育了一番。”

(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education.

(46) 追溯这一术语的历史，我们可以看到科学素养的定义是如何随着时间推移而变化的，这使得确定科学教育的目标变得更加混乱。

Despite the turnout, gate donations reached their lowest point in our history.

尽管人气很旺，入口捐款却跌至我们历史上的最低点。

Visit any antiques store and you’ll encounter artifacts from the past: photographs, letters, a brochure detailing the Sinclair dinosaur exhibit from the 1964-1965 World’s Fair, the ephemera of history.

走进任何一家古董店，你都会遇到来自过去的物品：照片、信件、一本详细介绍1964—1965年世界博览会上辛克莱恐龙展的小册子——这些都是历史的短暂遗留物。

So, instead of saying, “Martha, our current slogan is confusing and should be updated,” you could try, “Martha raises a great point that our current slogan has a long history for our stakeholders, but I wonder if we might be able to brainstorm a tagline that could build on that — and be clearer for new customers.”

所以，与其说“玛莎，我们现在的口号令人困惑，应该更新了”，你不妨试着说：“玛莎提出了很好的一点，我们现在的口号对利益相关者来说有着悠久的历史，但我想知道我们能否集思广益，在此基础上想出一句标语——并且让新客户更容易理解。”

After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I’ve learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the cheap technologies that change the world.

在写了两本关于发明史的书之后，我明白了一件事：虽然备受追捧的是那些精妙迷人的复杂技术，但真正改变世界的却是廉价的技术。

In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.

在发表于《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》的一篇论文中，研究人员称，西方的核心家庭是近代才出现的，它与人类的进化历史背道而驰。

Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing.

乔杜里说，与人类进化史上的大部分时期相比，如今父母从家庭和社会网络中获得的育儿支持更少，但引入更多的照料者可以减轻压力和母亲的抑郁，这可能会对孩子的健康幸福产生“连锁”益处。

Tracing the History of Parenting: from Africa to Europe

追溯育儿史：从非洲到欧洲

Simply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.

简单来说，尼日利亚有些人无法前往史密森学会，去看贝宁青铜器所代表的那部分他们自己的历史和文化。

These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.

这些文物应当作为他们文化遗产和历史的一部分、作为民族自豪感的源泉，让他们能够看到。

Understanding humans may be complicated, but we reveal a considerable amount about what appeals to us through our browsing history.

理解人类也许很复杂，但我们会通过浏览记录透露出大量关于什么能吸引我们的信息。

It was a way to tell stories and pass down history.

它曾是讲述故事、传承历史的一种方式。

Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history — Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on — after examining artifacts in museums.

新里斯本大学科学技术学院文物保护与修复专业助理教授若阿娜·利娅·费雷拉指出，考古学家正是在研究了博物馆里的文物之后，才首次界定了人类历史上伟大的材料时代——石器时代、铁器时代等等。

Zoos are, in that sense, similar to natural history and archaeology museums, serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.

从这个意义上说，动物园类似于自然历史博物馆和考古博物馆，既满足了我们接触这些生灵的需求，又让绝大多数动物在其自然环境中不受打扰。

I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War.

几年前，我在阅读查尔斯·欧曼爵士的鸿篇巨制《半岛战争史》时，第一次发现了拿破仑时代的密码战。

Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.

欧曼对斯科维尔的重要性评价很高，但与此同时，由于他的《半岛战争史》是一部通史，（48）他无法仔细分析这位无名军官在那场国家间的伟大斗争中可能做出或未曾做出的贡献，也无法告诉我们关于此人的更多情况。

The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn’t explain history very well.

认为首席执行官高薪主要是在敲诈他人的普遍观点并不能很好地解释历史。

The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.

艾森豪威尔行政办公大楼（EEOB）在美国的国家历史和建筑遗产中都占据着独特的地位。它由财政部监督建筑师阿尔弗雷德·B·马利特设计，于1871年至1888年间建造，用以容纳国务院、陆军部和海军部日益增多的工作人员，被认为是美国法国第二帝国风格建筑的最佳范例之一。

The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.

艾森豪威尔行政办公大楼的历史早在其奠基之前很久就开始了。最早的行政办公楼建于1799年至1820年间。一系列火灾（包括1814年英国人纵的火）和过度拥挤的状况促成了现有财政部大楼的建造。1866年，财政部大楼北翼的建设使得国务院大楼不得不被拆除。

The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers.

此后二十五年伊丽莎白时代戏剧的发展，对研究文学史的人来说格外有意义，因为在这短短的时期内，我们可以追溯许多种戏剧以及许多伟大事业的开端、成长、繁荣与衰落。

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.

然而，科学也有其文化历史，其根源可以追溯到文明的开端。

it reminds them of a humiliating history.

它让他们想起一段屈辱的历史。

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.

有史以来第一次，住在城镇的人比住在乡村的人多。

Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history — and sometimes the way they behave today — embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.

尽管他们自称是民族团结的象征，但他们的历史本身——有时还有他们如今的行为方式——却体现着过时且站不住脚的特权和不平等。

Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.

查尔斯应该知道，正如英国历史所表明的，君主制最大的敌人是国王，而不是共和派。

Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration — one of the great folk wanderings of history — swept from Europe to America.

在17世纪和18世纪初的一百年间，一股移民潮——历史上伟大的民族迁徙之一——从欧洲席卷至美洲。

History has never cast doubt on them.

历史从未对其提出质疑。

Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.

由于代议制政府以公民见多识广为前提，报告支持全民识字；强调学习历史和政治，尤其是美国历史和美国政治；并鼓励使用新的数字技术。

Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.

由于代议制政府以公民见多识广为前提，报告支持全民识字；强调学习历史和政治，尤其是美国历史和美国政治；并鼓励使用新的数字技术。

Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas — such as free markets and self-reliance — as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.

如今，教授们习惯性地把进步主义的历史解读和进步主义的公共政策当作正当的研究对象，而把保守主义或古典自由主义的思想——如自由市场和自力更生——描绘成不属于常规的、有时甚至是不属于正当的学术研究范围。

an exclusive study of American history.

只学习美国历史。

This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.

这正是格洛丽亚·麦肯齐如今面临的问题。这位84岁的寡妇最近从她在佛罗里达州那间铁皮屋顶的小房子里走出来，领取了史上最大的一笔独得彩票头奖。

As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

一如既往，过去是通往未来的钥匙：我们现在已经识别出足够多塑造地球及人类历史的长期规律，从而能够对我们的后代将要面临的处境做出有据可依的预测。

curb our ambition to reshape history.

抑制我们重塑历史的野心。

history

历史

Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.

正如人类求偶仪式虽然多得令人眼花缭乱，却都可以被视为性选择的形式一样，或许世界上的语言、音乐、社会和宗教习俗乃至历史都受普遍特征的支配。

In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results.

在许多方面，美国进入这次衰退时的社会包容度比历史上任何时候都高，而此后各种关于社会冲突的全国性民调结果则好坏参半。

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.

“世界历史，即人类在这个世界上所成就之事的历史，归根结底是在此奋斗过的伟人的历史。”维多利亚时代的哲人托马斯·卡莱尔如是写道。

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.

“世界历史，即人类在这个世界上所成就之事的历史，归根结底是在此奋斗过的伟人的历史。”维多利亚时代的哲人托马斯·卡莱尔如是写道。

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.

“世界历史，即人类在这个世界上所成就之事的历史，归根结底是在此奋斗过的伟人的历史。”维多利亚时代的哲人托马斯·卡莱尔如是写道。

From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.

从文艺复兴最早期起，书写历史就意味着讲述伟人的模范人生。

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.

马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道：“至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”

“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.

马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道：“至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”

For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.”

在他们看来，历史什么也没做，它既不拥有巨大的财富，也不进行战斗：“做这一切的是人，现实的、活生生的人。”

And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.

历史应当是人民大众及其斗争记录的故事。

For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”

因为：“人们创造自己的历史，但是他们并不是随心所欲地创造；并不是在他们自己选定的条件下创造，而是在直接碰到的、既定的、从过去承继下来的条件下创造。”

History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.

“自下而上的历史”与伟人传记并驾齐驱。

And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

它也改变了公众历史：楼下的仆人与楼上的主人变得同样引人入胜。

opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.

开辟了理解历史伟人的新领域。

held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.

认为历史应当是人民大众及其斗争记录的故事。

His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” — they form a sort of social glue.

他关注的主要是人文学科：文学、语言、哲学等。这些学科正在变得不受欢迎：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修商科，而主修历史的只有2%，主修英语的只有4%。然而，许多美国一流大学希望本科生打好基础，掌握每一个受过教育的人都应具备的基本思想经典。但大多数大学难以就“通识教育”应该是什么样子达成一致。梅南先生指出，在哈佛，“名著之所以被阅读，是因为它们一直被人阅读”——它们形成了一种社会黏合剂。

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.

但研究人员认为，如果外部董事在坏消息曝光之前离开公司，他们就更容易使自己的声誉免受打击，即使回顾历史会发现不当行为发生时他们正在董事会任职。