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n. 论文35 次
Perhaps most encouraging of all is a paper from 2022 by researchers at Stanford University, in California, that involved a mix of contrived help-seeking interactions and asking people to [recall] times they’d sought help in the past.
也许最令人鼓舞的是加州斯坦福大学研究人员2022年发表的一篇论文，该研究既设计了求助互动情境，又让人们{{16}}自己过去求助的经历。
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper.
正如经济学家丹尼尔·西切尔在一篇研究论文中指出的，从18世纪末到20世纪中叶，钉子的价格下降了90%。
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.
在发表于《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》的一篇论文中，研究人员称，西方的核心家庭是近代才出现的，它与人类的进化历史背道而驰。
Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.
科学论文是研究进展的记录者。
Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals.
研究人员每年在3万多种期刊上发表数百万篇论文。
The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates.
科学界通过多种方式衡量这些论文的质量，包括人们认为的期刊质量（以期刊的影响因子来体现）以及某篇论文累积的被引次数。
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The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates.
科学界通过多种方式衡量这些论文的质量，包括人们认为的期刊质量（以期刊的影响因子来体现）以及某篇论文累积的被引次数。
The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望，但更取决于这些论文获得的引用。
The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望，但更取决于这些论文获得的引用。
The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals.
电子出版的出现以及作者为论文寻找发表渠道的需求，催生了数以千计的新期刊。
These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.
这些期刊可以充当“奶牛”，一期中的每篇文章都可能引用某一篇特定论文或一系列论文。
These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.
这些期刊可以充当“奶牛”，一期中的每篇文章都可能引用某一篇特定论文或一系列论文。
how many times their papers are cited.
他们的论文被引用了多少次。
With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only to find a market for its journal.
由于论文内容是免费获得的，出版商只需为其期刊找到市场即可。
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了全世界25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑；而仅英国的大学在2016年就花费了2.1亿多英镑，让研究人员能够查阅他们自己由公共资金资助的研究；尽管人们为改变这一状况所作的努力越来越孤注一掷，这两个数字似乎仍在势不可挡地上升。
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.
最激烈、也是完全违法的反应是Sci-Hub的出现。它是一种面向科学论文的全球复印机，创建于2012年，如今声称可以提供2015年以来发表的所有付费文章。
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.
直到我开始为医学期刊撰写每周专栏，并开始从头到尾阅读科学论文之后，我才意识到许多医学文献常常有多么糟糕。
I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.
我逐渐认识到糟糕论文的各种迹象：比如那种声称每周吃一公斤以上西兰花的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性是吃得少的人的1.17倍的论文。
I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.
我逐渐认识到糟糕论文的各种迹象：比如那种声称每周吃一公斤以上西兰花的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性是吃得少的人的1.17倍的论文。
A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.
最近发表在英国皇家学会开放科学网站上的一篇题为《糟糕科学的自然选择》的论文，试图回答这个耐人寻味又十分重要的问题。
There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
一种膨胀的过程一直在起作用：(47) 如今，任何申请研究职位的人发表的论文数量，都必须是仅仅10年前同一职位所要求数量的两倍。
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.
(48) 人们已经尝试遏制这种趋势，例如，在评估申请人的论文时，努力把对质量和数量的某种衡量都纳入其中。
This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
这就是著名的引用指数，即一篇论文在其他科学文献中被引用的次数，其假设是重要论文被引用的次数会多于无足轻重的论文。
This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
这就是著名的引用指数，即一篇论文在其他科学文献中被引用的次数，其假设是重要论文被引用的次数会多于无足轻重的论文。
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.
根据最近的一篇研究论文，位于人们更快乐的地方的公司投资更多。
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
当被问及是否有特定论文促成了这一变化时，麦克纳特说：“设立‘统计委员会’是出于对科学研究中统计和数据分析应用的广泛担忧，也是《科学》杂志提高所发表研究的可重复性这一整体努力的一部分。”
I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says.
我认为，对于如今的大多数科学论文来说，统计审查比专家评审更为重要。”他说。
Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
沃克斯说，《科学》杂志将部分论文交给统计学家审阅的想法“有一定可取之处，但其弱点在于，它首先要依靠审稿编辑委员会来识别‘需要审查的论文’”。
Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
沃克斯说，《科学》杂志将部分论文交给统计学家审阅的想法“有一定可取之处，但其弱点在于，它首先要依靠审稿编辑委员会来识别‘需要审查的论文’”。
Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
《科学》加入审查论文统计数据的行列
This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.
论文作者来自不同的大学，他们的结论基于对一所未具名私立大学的147名（完成该项目的）学生进行的研究。
The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students ____
论文作者认为第一代大学生____
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” has increased rapidly since 2004.
分析显示，自2004年以来，包含“环境变化”或“气候变化”关键词的论文数量迅速增长。
However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.
然而，这些数字仍然很小：2010年，全球发表的10万篇社会科学论文中，只有约1600篇包含其中一个关键词。
n. 纸8 次
Established in an old paper mill, it is powered by a nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.
它建在一座旧造纸厂里，由附近的一条河流供电，其余热输送到周边的卡亚尼镇，为当地居民供暖。
The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost — and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.
古腾堡印刷机改变文明，并非通过改变书写的本质，而是通过改变其成本——而如果没有书写载体价格的同步暴跌，它也难有作为，这要归功于一项常被忽视的技术：纸。
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.
撇开对纸上油墨和翻页沙沙声的怀旧之情不谈，放弃印刷版的理由有很多。
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work [against] the disappearance of the paper system.
尽管电子支付手段可能比基于纸质的支付系统更高效，但有几个因素阻碍着纸质系统的消失。
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work [against] the disappearance of the paper system.
尽管电子支付手段可能比基于纸质的支付系统更高效，但有几个因素阻碍着纸质系统的消失。
Second, paper checks have the advantage that they [provide] receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to [give up].
其次，纸质支票的优点在于能提供收据，而许多消费者不愿放弃这一点。
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Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float” — it takes several days [before] a check is cashed and funds are [withdrawn] from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.
第三，使用纸质支票能给消费者带来几天的“浮存期”——支票兑现、资金从开票人账户中划出之前需要几天时间，这意味着开票人在此期间可以赚取这笔资金的利息。
Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.
再想一想你那比牛皮纸信封还薄的笔记本电脑，或是握在掌心的手机。
n. 报纸6 次
“Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.
早在2010年，该报的发行人就说过：“在未来的某个时候。”
expands the popularity of the paper.
扩大报纸的受欢迎程度。
German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.
德国和巴西的报纸已经摆脱了经济衰退的影响。
Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.
许多报纸靠裁减记者才勉强维持下来。
Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.
有些报纸甚至敢于拒绝向偏远郊区投递。
American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.
长期以来，美国报纸对广告的依赖程度极不寻常。
n. （pl）文件4 次
Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula.
在伦敦公共档案馆研究斯科维尔的文件时，我发现他留下了大量日记和丰富的笔记，记录了他在半岛的工作。
The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame.
《匹克威克外传》（今天人们通常这样称呼它）的巨大成功奠定了狄更斯的名声。
Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.
《博兹随笔》问世后不久，一家出版公司找到狄更斯，请他按月分期创作一个故事，作为当时著名画家罗伯特·西摩一系列木刻画的背景故事，而这个故事的构想最初正是出自西摩。狄更斯以他特有的自信，成功地坚持让西摩的画反过来为他自己的故事配图。第一期刊出后，狄更斯写信给这位画家，要求他修改一幅狄更斯认为不够忠实于其文字的插图。西摩改了画，走进自家后院，以自杀的方式表达了他的不满。狄更斯和他的出版商干脆换了一位新画家继续推进。这部喜剧小说《匹克威克俱乐部遗稿》于1836年和1837年连载，并于1837年首次以书籍形式出版。
Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
今年晚些时候，我们将发布一份白皮书，具体阐明我们将如何实现这一目标。”