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a. 先前的，以前的19 次
Because flammable material couldn’t build up on the landscape, blazes tended to move slowly and peter out when they reached the footprints of previous burns.
由于易燃物无法在地面上大量堆积，火势往往蔓延缓慢，并在到达以往过火区域时逐渐熄灭。
the causes of previous burns.
以往火灾的起因。
A butterfly takes off so quickly it is still impossible to react quickly enough to capture that take-off but if he half-presses the shutter, the camera saves the 70 previous frames before the moment he actually takes the picture.
蝴蝶起飞得太快，人仍然不可能反应快到捕捉到起飞的那一刻，但如果他半按快门，相机就会保存他真正按下快门之前的70帧画面。
Researchers analysed the frequency and impact of gaps greater than 2 seconds during conversations, including an overview of previous studies which indicate that the fear of awkward silences can be so extreme that people avoid talking to strangers, even though doing so is likely to be an enjoyable experience.
研究人员分析了谈话中超过2秒的停顿出现的频率及其影响，其中包括对以往研究的综述，这些研究表明，人们对尴尬沉默的恐惧可能极其强烈，以至于会避免与陌生人交谈，尽管与陌生人交谈很可能是一种愉快的经历。
One previous study looked at the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
此前的一项研究考察了刚果民主共和国的埃菲人。
Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the “collodion process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture, then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.
在整个旅途中，杰克逊使用“火棉胶工艺”同时摆弄多台相机和多种尺寸的底片，这种工艺要求他先给底片涂上一层化学混合物，然后曝光，再用便携式暗室冲洗出影像。这种简陋的技术需要凭经验推测曝光时间，而且所用设备笨重难使——需要好几个人协助搬运。尽管困难重重，杰克逊还是拍下了几十张引人注目的照片，从他那张如今已闻名于世的老忠实泉快照这样的壮丽画面，到营地里考察队员的随意肖像，不一而足。以往考察的老手们曾长篇累牍地描写沿途的壮丽景色，而这些生动的照片则完全是另一回事。
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Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15th June next year.
在该日期之前提交的任何方案都被视为适用原有规定，只要在明年6月15日之前开工，就可以继续推进。
Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations.
老年人也是美国劳动力中增长最快的群体，而且婴儿潮一代预计会比前几代人更长寿。
Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors ____
埃里克·施维茨格贝尔此前的研究发现表明，伦理学教授____
The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.
此前唯一一项分析因果关系的研究以墨西哥一个实行了CCT的地区为基础，它支持了传统观点。
That’s a big change from the previous generation.
这与上一代人相比是一个很大的变化。
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.
大法官安东尼·肯尼迪写道，之前的判决存在缺陷。
In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.
在以往技术剧烈变革的时代，企业家们通过构想出将劳动力与机器相结合的方法，使转型得以平稳过渡。
For one [trial], each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.
在其中一项试验中，研究人员向每位参与者展示了一堆笔，并声称这些笔来自之前的一项实验。
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.
以往关于企业社会责任的研究难以区分这些效应，因为消费者可能同时受到这三方面的影响。
According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home ____
根据第一段，以前的大多数调查发现，家____
Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one [before] that, then the score for the next applicant would [drop] by an average of 0.075 points.
西蒙松博士发现，在一天的一系列面试者中，如果前一位候选人的分数比再前一位高出0.75分或更多，那么下一位申请者的分数平均会下降0.075分。
As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total — disappeared.”
正如戴维森所指出的：“在截至2009年的10年里，（美国）工厂裁员速度之快，几乎抹去了此前70年的全部增长；大约每三个制造业岗位中就有一个——总计约600万个——消失了。”
Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
奥克兰大学的拉塞尔·格雷及其同事参照此前两次寻找语言普遍性的尝试，来考察语法的演变。