say简单

To prevent entire ecosystems from going up in smoke, Martin said, people must bring healthy fire back to places that need it.

马丁说，为了防止整个生态系统化为灰烬，人们必须把健康的火重新带回需要它的地方。

Yet even as scientists and public officials increasingly agree on the need for more fires in our forests, climate change is making this tactic more challenging, experts said.

然而专家们表示，尽管科学家和政府官员越来越认同我们的森林需要更多的火，但气候变化正使这一策略变得更具挑战性。

“It’s a double-edged sword because wildfires are getting more severe and larger under climate change and we need this work even more, but then the work gets more challenging,” said Susan Prichard, a fire ecologist at the University of Washington.

“这是一把双刃剑，因为在气候变化下野火变得越来越严重、规模越来越大，我们更加需要这项工作，但这项工作也变得更具挑战性，”华盛顿大学的火灾生态学家苏珊·普里查德说。

But for the most part, this isn’t what the business community does. I have yet to meet a chief executive who reads regularly. Many skip newspapers, and magazines are a stretch. They don’t have time, they say. It’s inefficient; they can get the information they need from those around them. At a pinch, they might pick up a business book before a long flight, in the hope that, like a cookbook, it will provide a foolproof recipe. Some are drawn to what I think of as “business car crash” books — the stories of Theranos, Purdue, or WeWork. But outside those narrow pools of interest, a vast ocean awaits, bountiful with simmering ideas, mental adventure and imaginative refreshment.

但在大多数情况下，商界人士并不这样做。我还从未见过一位经常阅读的首席执行官。许多人不看报纸，杂志对他们来说也很勉强。他们说自己没有时间。阅读效率太低；他们可以从身边的人那里获得所需的信息。实在不得已时，他们可能会在长途飞行前拿起一本商业书籍，希望它能像食谱一样提供万无一失的秘诀。有些人被我所说的“商业车祸”类书籍所吸引——比如Theranos、普渡或WeWork的故事。但在这些狭小的兴趣池之外，一片浩瀚的海洋正等待着你，那里满是酝酿中的思想、心灵的冒险和想象力的焕新。

We are living through a golden age of science writing, so lucid and accessible that even lay readers can relish the unpredictability of discovery. Daunted by uncertainty? Stand in the shoes of scientists and witness the degree to which breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina. “We are never sure of anything,” says the physicist (and writer) Carlo Rovelli.

我们正处在科普写作的黄金时代，这些作品清晰易懂，就连外行读者也能尽情体会科学发现的不可预测性。被不确定性吓倒了吗？站在科学家的角度，见证突破在多大程度上源自意外、冲突和纯粹的精神毅力。“我们从来都不能确定任何事情，”物理学家（兼作家）卡洛·罗韦利说。

Much of it comes down to your [perception] of what someone said or did.

这在很大程度上取决于你如何看待别人说的话或做的事。

There is no other institution, public or private, that can say the same.

没有任何其他机构——无论公立还是私营——能做到这一点。

Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, the publicly controlled group that owns train operator Trenitalia and the national train network RFI, said 23 percent of all high-speed trains it operated were late in 2023.

意大利国家铁路集团是一家国有控股集团，旗下拥有列车运营商意大利铁路公司和国家铁路网络公司RFI。该集团表示，2023年其运营的所有高速列车中有23%晚点。

The huge improvements in Italy’s obsolete infrastructure partly explained the disruption, said Ferrovie.

意大利国家铁路集团表示，对意大利陈旧基础设施进行的大规模改进在一定程度上解释了运行中断的原因。

Transport economist Andrea Giuricin said the planned investments would bring improvements but disruptions in the meantime were inevitable.

交通经济学家安德烈亚·朱里钦表示，计划中的投资会带来改善，但在此期间运行中断是不可避免的。

“We have a mixed system, there is no spare capacity and as soon as there’s a hiccup on the line, the situation becomes highly complex,” he said.

他说：“我们采用的是混合系统，没有富余运力，线路上一出小故障，情况就会变得非常复杂。”

Improvements will also come from the high-density technology and satellite signalling that RFI has been investing in for years, say experts.

专家们表示，RFI多年来一直投资的高密度技术和卫星信号系统也将带来改善。

That’s one big bottleneck,” says genetic-resources specialist Ramni Jamnadass.

这是一个很大的瓶颈。”遗传资源专家拉姆尼·贾姆纳达斯说。

Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are ‘masting’ species, which don’t produce seeds every year.

国际生物多样性中心驻罗马的森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，这里对基础设施——诸如收集和储存种子的机制以及培育幼苗的苗圃——的需求可能最为迫切，因为许多树木属于“大年结实”物种，并非每年都结种子。

“Otherwise, you miss the boat, you lose all the seed and you’ve got to wait another seven years,” says Kettle.

“否则，你就会错失良机，失去所有种子，不得不再等七年。”凯特尔说。

“Insects that today are a minor problem may become a major problem if they can produce three or four generations in a year,” says forest ecologist John Stanturf.

森林生态学家约翰·斯坦图夫说：“如今只是小问题的昆虫，如果一年能繁殖三四代，就可能变成大问题。”

So is soil, says Cindy Prescott, a forest ecologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.

温哥华不列颠哥伦比亚大学的森林生态学家辛迪·普雷斯科特说，土壤也是如此。

“When you talk about conservation or restoration, the first question has to be restoration by whom, for whom?” says Daniel Janzen, a biologist at the University of Pennsylvania.

宾夕法尼亚大学的生物学家丹尼尔·詹曾说：“当你谈论保护或恢复时，首先要问的问题必须是：由谁来恢复，为谁而恢复？”

“But if you ask a farmer in Brazil if he or she is concerned about climate change, they would say, ‘No, I am concerned about water,’ ” he says.

“但如果你问巴西的农民是否担心气候变化，他们会说：‘不，我担心的是水。’”他说。

“But if you ask a farmer in Brazil if he or she is concerned about climate change, they would say, ‘No, I am concerned about water,’ ” he says.

“但如果你问巴西的农民是否担心气候变化，他们会说：‘不，我担心的是水。’”他说。

Restoration is about more than what gets planted in the ground, she says.

她说，恢复工作不仅仅关乎在地里种下什么。

“The research shows that the way actors work makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O’Hanlon of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which commissioned the study, said.

委托开展这项研究的皇家莎士比亚剧团（RSC）的杰姬·奥汉隆说：“研究表明，演员的工作方式对孩子们使用语言的方式以及他们如何看待自己有很大影响。”

O’Hanlon said she had been most surprised by the “emotional literacy that was evident in the [target] children’s writing” and that they were “more resilient in their writing, more hopeful”.

奥汉隆说，最令她惊讶的是“[实验组]孩子写作中明显体现出的情感素养”，以及他们“在写作中更坚韧、更充满希望”。

The study showed the importance of embedding arts in education, she said.

她说，这项研究表明了将艺术融入教育的重要性。

O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare’s use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words, gave a “massive expansion of language into children’s lives”, which was combined with children “using their whole bodies to bring words to life”.

奥汉隆说还需要更多研究，但她指出，相比日常使用的2000个词，莎士比亚使用了20000个词，这让“孩子们生活中的语言大幅扩展”，再加上孩子们“用整个身体让文字活起来”。

The crisis is here, they said, and we need to cut back on our energy-intensive modelling.

他们说，危机已经到来，我们需要削减高能耗的建模工作。

“The people who are stealing our movies and our television shows and operating piracy sites are not mom and pop operations,” says Charlie Rivkin, chief executive officer of the MPA.

美国电影协会首席执行官查理·里夫金说：“那些盗取我们的电影和电视节目、经营盗版网站的人，并不是小打小闹的家庭作坊。

ACE says it’s helped shrink the number of illegal streaming services in North America to 126, from more than 1,400 in 2018, aided in part by the MPA’s support for a 2020 federal law that made large-scale streaming of copyright material a serious crime.

ACE表示，它已帮助将北美的非法流媒体服务数量从2018年的1400多个减少到126个，这在一定程度上得益于美国电影协会对2020年一项联邦法律的支持，该法律将大规模流播受版权保护的内容定为重罪。

“While there is some optimism that emerging countermeasures and best practices may see piracy begin to plateau by 2027, there is no consensus among stakeholders as to when it may begin to decline,” says analyst Steve Hawley.

分析师史蒂夫·霍利说：“虽然有人乐观地认为，新出现的应对措施和最佳做法可能会使盗版在2027年前趋于平稳，但对于盗版何时可能开始减少，各利益相关方并未达成共识。”

Librarians’ selfless devotion can act against us when users point to universality of access by holding up a cellphone and saying, “it’s all in here” as evidence that libraries are less vital for researchers today.

当用户举起手机说“一切都在这里面”，以这种获取的普遍性作为证据，证明图书馆如今对研究人员不那么重要时，图书馆员的无私奉献反而可能对我们不利。

As a librarian whose day job revolves around special collections and digital assets, I share the night terrors of historians, and I’d be lying if I said a comprehensive preservation solution currently exists.

作为一名日常工作围绕特藏和数字资产展开的图书馆员，我和历史学家一样夜里心怀恐惧；如果我说目前存在一个全面的保存方案，那我就是在撒谎。

“It’s time travel, so I don’t miss the moment of take-off,” he says.

“这就是时间旅行，所以我不会错过起飞的瞬间。”他说。

Five years ago, at summer’s end, Andrew Fusek Peters was diagnosed with bowel cancer. “I was waiting for surgery, feeling really ill, sitting in my garden. It was amazing weather and there were painted lady butterflies everywhere,” he says. “They were a symbol of fragile life, of hope and defiance, and something appealed to my soul.”

五年前的夏末，安德鲁·富塞克·彼得斯被诊断出患有肠癌。“我在等待手术，感觉非常难受，坐在我的花园里。天气好极了，到处都是小红蛱蝶，”他说，“它们象征着脆弱的生命，象征着希望与不屈，有某种东西打动了我的灵魂。”

So what’s the appeal of a long, sweaty day in pursuit of an elusive, fast-moving wild animal? “It just feels bloody brilliant,” says Peters. “If I’ve had a full day of good encounters with butterflies, met interesting butterfly people and I’ve got some good shots, that becomes a vault in my spiritual bank. It’s a happy feeling.”

那么，花上漫长而汗流浃背的一整天去追逐一种难以捉摸、行动迅速的野生动物，吸引力何在？“感觉就是棒极了，”彼得斯说，“如果我度过了与蝴蝶美好相遇的一整天，结识了有趣的蝴蝶爱好者，还拍到了一些好照片，那就成了我精神银行里的一座金库。那是一种快乐的感觉。”

Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say.

研究人员说，孟买4月发生的中暑死亡事件凸显了发布更细致、更本地化预警的必要性。

Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.

她说，除此之外，所有城市都应绘制一张脆弱性地图，以帮助将应对措施集中在风险最高的人群身上。

Such mapping doesn’t need to be complex, Kotharkar says.

科塔卡尔说，这样的地图不需要很复杂。

HAPs shouldn’t just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler.

研究人员说，高温行动计划不应只包含短期应急响应，还应推荐能让社区更凉爽的中长期措施。

“Reducing deaths in an emergency is a good target to have, but it’s the lowest target,” says climate researcher Chandni Singh.

气候研究员钱德尼·辛格说：“在紧急情况下减少死亡是一个好目标，但这是最低的目标。”

So, instead of saying, “Martha, our current slogan is confusing and should be updated,” you could try, “Martha raises a great point that our current slogan has a long history for our stakeholders, but I wonder if we might be able to brainstorm a tagline that could build on that — and be clearer for new customers.”

所以，与其说“玛莎，我们现在的口号令人困惑，应该更新了”，你不妨试着说：“玛莎提出了很好的一点，我们现在的口号对利益相关者来说有着悠久的历史，但我想知道我们能否集思广益，在此基础上想出一句标语——并且让新客户更容易理解。”

Instead of saying what is wrong, broken, or suboptimal, talk about what is right, fixable, or ideal.

不要说什么是错的、坏的或不够好的，而要谈什么是对的、可修复的或理想的。

It’s awkward, and so awkward that some people will panic and say anything.

场面很尴尬，尴尬到有些人会惊慌失措，随便说点什么。

In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which broke with evolutionary history.

在发表于《儿童心理学与精神病学杂志》的一篇论文中，研究人员称，西方的核心家庭是近代才出现的，它与人类的进化历史背道而驰。

Chaudhary said that parents now have less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans’ evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child’s wellbeing.

乔杜里说，与人类进化史上的大部分时期相比，如今父母从家庭和社会网络中获得的育儿支持更少，但引入更多的照料者可以减轻压力和母亲的抑郁，这可能会对孩子的健康幸福产生“连锁”益处。

While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

狩猎采集社会的孩子在混龄游戏群体中通过观察和模仿来学习，而研究人员称，西方要求学生安静坐好的“指令式教学”可能会导致注意缺陷多动障碍等问题。

Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”

乔杜里说，英国应该探讨这样一种可能性：年长的兄弟姐妹帮助父母照顾弟妹，“或许也能促进他们自身的社会性发展。”

I probably won’t be able to find my work out there because the internet will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says.

到时我可能在网上都找不到自己的作品了，因为互联网将充斥着人工智能艺术，”鲁特科夫斯基说。

Artists say they risk losing income as people start using AI-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes.

艺术家们表示，随着人们开始将基于受版权保护素材生成的人工智能图像用于商业目的，他们面临着收入减少的风险。

But it’s also a lot more personal, Ortiz says, arguing that because art is so closely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems.

但奥尔蒂斯说，这还涉及更多个人层面的问题。她认为，由于艺术与个人联系如此紧密，这可能引发数据保护和隐私问题。

“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,” says Ortiz.

“艺术行业内部正在形成一个联盟，研究如何解决或缓解这一问题，”奥尔蒂斯说。

One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.

奥尔蒂斯说，有一项建议是，人工智能模型可以使用公有领域的图像进行训练，人工智能公司也可以与博物馆和艺术家建立合作关系。

Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digital technologies to boost productivity in various sectors, including health care and construction, says Coyle.

科伊尔说，要提高生活水平、让更多人更加富裕，就需要更多地利用数字技术来提高包括医疗保健和建筑业在内的各个行业的生产率。

In a recent interview, Coyle said she fears that tech’s inequality problem could be a roadblock to deploying AI.

在最近的一次采访中，科伊尔说，她担心科技带来的不平等问题可能会成为部署人工智能的障碍。

“We’re talking about disruption,” she says.

“我们谈论的是颠覆，”她说。

Instead, says Coyle, resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites in a handful of prosperous cities.

科伊尔说，事实恰恰相反，由于人们认为好处都流向了少数繁荣城市的精英，许多人心中的怨恨正在酝酿。

Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees, the trade body says these don’t go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timber supplies.

就在英国政府推出新的激励措施鼓励土地所有者多种树之际，该行业组织表示，这些措施力度不够，未能宣传通过植树增加木材供应的好处。

“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now, but we will also be facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,” said Stuart Goodall, chief executive of Confor.

Confor首席执行官斯图尔特·古德尔说：“我们现在不仅面临碳危机，而且由于未能植树产材，未来还将面临建筑危机。”

The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader in certifying that its forests are sustainably managed, Confor says.

Confor表示，英国拥有种植木材以建造低碳住宅的理想条件，并且在认证森林可持续管理方面处于全球领先地位。

“It’s a complete life-changer” when someone stops — or is forced to stop — driving, said former risk manager Anne M. Menke.

前风险管理师安妮·M·门克说，当一个人停止驾驶——或被迫停止驾驶时，“这会彻底改变他的生活”。

Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piecemeal by different professions with different focuses, including gerontologists, highway administration officials, automotive engineers and others, said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan.

老年学家伊丽莎白·杜根说，保障老年司机安全的部分问题在于，这些困难是由侧重点各不相同的不同行业零敲碎打地处理的，包括老年学家、公路管理官员、汽车工程师等。

“There’s not a National Institute of Older Driver Studies,” she said.

“没有一个国家老年司机研究所，”她说。

“We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe” and what can help, said Dugan.

杜根说：“我们需要更好的证据来弄清是什么让司机变得不安全”，以及什么能起到帮助作用。

As long as there are other cars on the roads, self-driving cars won’t solve the problems of crashes, said Dugan.

杜根说，只要路上还有其他汽车，自动驾驶汽车就解决不了车祸问题。

Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require too many algorithms, she said.

她说，要避开所有那些人类司机带来的危险，需要太多的算法。

But we need to do more to improve safety, said Dugan.

但杜根说，我们需要采取更多措施来提高安全性。

However, college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopeful’s extracurricular activities matters more than the number of activities he or she participates in.

然而，大学招生专家表示，一名有志上大学者的课外活动质量比他或她参加的活动数量更重要。

Sue Rexford, the director of college guidance at the Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School, says it is not necessary for a student filling out the Common Application to list 10 activities in the application.

查尔斯·E·史密斯犹太走读学校的升学指导主任苏·雷克斯福德说，填写通用申请表的学生没有必要在申请中列出10项活动。

Experts say it is tougher to distinguish oneself in a school-affiliated extracurricular activity that is common among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.

专家们说，在高中生中常见的校属课外活动中脱颖而出，比在一项不常见的活动中出类拔萃要难。

“The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer, and so if they’re going to do a popular activity, I’d say, be the best at it,” says Sara Harberson, a college admissions consultant.

大学招生顾问萨拉·哈伯森说：“想要脱颖而出、产生影响，竞争会激烈得多，所以如果他们要参加一项热门活动，我会说，那就做到最好。”

“The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer, and so if they’re going to do a popular activity, I’d say, be the best at it,” says Sara Harberson, a college admissions consultant.

大学招生顾问萨拉·哈伯森说：“想要脱颖而出、产生影响，竞争会激烈得多，所以如果他们要参加一项热门活动，我会说，那就做到最好。”

High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently often impress colleges, experts say.

专家们说，那些有一个令人印象深刻、独立开展的个人项目的高中生往往能给大学留下深刻印象。

Joseph Adegboyega-Edun, a Maryland high school guidance counselor, says unconventional extracurricular activities can help students impress college admissions offices, assuming they demonstrated serious commitment.

马里兰州的一位高中升学指导顾问约瑟夫·阿德博耶加-埃敦说，非常规的课外活动可以帮助学生给大学招生办留下深刻印象，前提是他们表现出了认真的投入。

Experts say demonstrating talent in at least one extracurricular activity can help in the college admissions process, especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions.

专家们说，在至少一项课外活动中展示才华有助于大学录取，尤其是在顶尖的本科院校。

“If you already know your major, having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be a big plus,” says Mayghin Levine, the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabbage Patch Settlement House, a Louisville, Kentucky, nonprofit community center.

肯塔基州路易斯维尔市非营利社区中心“卷心菜地睦邻之家”的教育机会经理梅金·莱文说：“如果你已经确定了自己的专业，拥有一项与该专业契合的课外活动会是一大加分项。”

High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through an extracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship, says Erica Gwyn, a former math and science magnet program assistant at a public high school who is now executive director of the Kaleidoscope Careers Academy in Atlanta, a nonprofit organization.

埃丽卡·格温说，通过课外活动对所在社区产生了强大积极影响的高中生可能会给大学留下深刻印象并赢得奖学金。她曾是一所公立高中数理特色项目的助理，现任亚特兰大非营利组织万花筒职业学院的执行主任。

“They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education.

“他们轻率地把学者和科学家毕生的工作当作又一种被误导的观点而不予理会，”得克萨斯自由网络的高级传播策略师丹·奎因说，该组织是一个监督公共教育的非营利团体。

Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.

他说，即便一个州的科学标准被认为表现出色，“那也不意味着这些内容就会被讲授”。

“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast.

“我们的租赁住房供应已处于危机水平，”大海岸地区劳动力住房联盟执行主任尼克·泰勒说。

Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.

泰勒说，由于新罕布什尔州南部城镇缺乏足够的经济适用房，“雇主很难吸引员工，而员工也很难找到住处”。

“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.”

“很多员工服务于旅游业，而旅游业又靠那些短期前来的人支撑，”卡斯尔说，“所以这是一种循环效应。”

Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy.

经济适用房政策专家凯伦·霍恩说，短期租赁本身并不是问题的症结所在。

If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said.

如果那反正是他们的度假屋，而且就那么空着，为什么不能用它赚钱呢？”霍恩说。

“I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.

“我认为问题在于，一个实际上在建酒店却将其伪装成非酒店的开发商，难道不应该像酒店一样被对待、征税和监管吗？”霍恩说。

Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”

霍恩说，类似的登记要求可能会让处境艰难的城镇受益，但“如果我们想改变住房市场，最主要的是我们必须建造更多的房子。”

“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,” says literary agent Andrew Lownie.

“这都是权力走向集中这一更广泛变化的一部分，”文学经纪人安德鲁·朗尼说。

As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,” says Murphy.

作为一名在华盛顿很有手腕的人物，海登意识到他可以利用这次考察所获得的震撼影像。他让杰克逊冲印出大幅照片，并将这些照片连同莫兰画作的复制品一起分发给每一位国会议员。“这些视觉呈现，特别是那些照片，真正让人深刻认识到这是必须加以保护的东西，”墨菲说。

The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. While some locals opposed to the designation, the decision was largely accepted — and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images,” says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.

事实证明，该法案广受欢迎，以压倒性多数顺利在国会通过。1872年初，参众两院相继迅速通过了保护黄石的立法。当年3月，尤利西斯·S·格兰特总统签署了一项法案，使其成为法律，从而将黄石确立为世界上第一个国家公园。尽管一些当地人反对这一认定，但这一决定在很大程度上被接受了——杰克逊的照片在保护该地区的斗争中发挥了关键作用。“我认为，如果没有那些图像，法律保护不会在那样的时间内实现，”记者希瑟·汉森说，她是《先知与大亨、护林员与无赖、野牛与熊：国家公园管理局100年》一书的作者。

The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.

在伦敦西部举办这一年度花展的英国皇家园艺学会（RHS）表示，之所以推出这项禁令，是因为塑料草坪会对环境和生物多样性造成破坏。

Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic.

皇家园艺学会的埃德·霍恩说：“我们去年启动了可持续发展战略，而假草坪根本不符合我们的理念以及我们对塑料的看法。

Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.

约81%的受访者表示，他们愿意在未来10年额外缴税，以避免国家公园遭受任何削减。

In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but “adopting to new communications technology,” Sparrow says.

斯帕罗说，换句话说，人类的记忆力并没有衰退，而是在“适应新的通信技术”。

“I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things,” Sparrow says, adding that we haven’t lost our ability to do it.

“我个人从来不觉得死记硬背有多大的智力价值，”斯帕罗说，并补充道，我们并没有丧失记忆的能力。

Still other experts say it’s too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains.

还有一些专家说，要弄清互联网如何影响我们的大脑还为时过早。

That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language.

这是一种温和而超然的说法，父母们往往会用强烈得多的语言来表达同样的意思。

The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.

这些举措是多年来对建筑法规最重大的一次修改。业内专家表示，在材料短缺和高昂人工成本已经推高费用之际，这些举措必然会导致价格进一步上涨。

Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed.

英国建筑商联合会首席执行官布莱恩·贝里表示，这些措施将要求采用新的材料、检测方法、产品和系统。

Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,” he says.

消费者将不可避免地要付更多的钱。”他说。

Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.

测量公司Naismiths的加雷斯·贝尔沙姆表示，正在翻新或扩建房屋的人将直接受到影响。

Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.

MyJobQuote的托马斯·古德曼表示，这将给扩建带来新的限制。

“Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss,” he says.

“为防止热量流失，窗户、门和天窗上的玻璃面积不得超过地面面积的25%，”他说。

Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator.

Build Aviator的马库斯·杰福德表示，已经为项目做过成本核算但尚未提交文件的建筑商，可能需要回头重新提交估价。

“Whilst admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,” says Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers.

全国购房者协会的乔纳森·罗兰德说：“尽管这些规定的初衷值得称道，但在许多人已经觉得房价高到自己买不起房的时候，它们会增加建房成本。”

“As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says.

“随着市场适应新的要求以及支持这些要求的技术，这些技术的规模化最终会降低成本，但在短期内，我们都必须为这一必要的转型付出代价，”他说。

Beginning in 2006, some scientists have [argued] that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, [forming] “a plant nervous system, [analogous] to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They [even] claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”

该研究的第一作者林肯·泰兹说：“从2006年开始，一些科学家就主张植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类神经元细胞，从而构成‘一个类似于动物神经系统的植物神经系统’，他们甚至声称植物的根尖处有‘类似大脑的指挥中心’。”

[However], the signaling in a plant is only [superficially] similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.

然而，泰兹说，植物中的信号传递与复杂动物大脑中的神经放电只是表面相似，后者远不止是“一团通过电进行交流的细胞”。

Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.

高分子化学家西娅·范·奥斯滕说，某些手工艺品尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺术的先驱者并不总是知道如何恰当地混合原料。她在几年前退休之前，在荷兰文化遗产局工作了几十年。

“It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong.” she says.

她说：“这就像烤蛋糕：如果用量不精确，就会出问题。”

We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”

她说，我们现在生活在一个塑料时代，“我们今天决定收藏什么、决定保存什么……将对未来人们如何看待我们产生重大影响。”

This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.

这并不是说获得学位毫无意义，而是要强调：学位并非适合每个人，从中学教室到大学讲堂的转变并非必然，而且还有其他选择。

Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.

他们的子女绝不会说这样的话；仿佛他们早已知道，自己的学位不会以同样的方式定义他们。

Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.

在回应随文调查的约350人中，近40%的人说他们曾与艺术家合作过；而且几乎所有人都说，他们将来会考虑这样做。

Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.

在回应随文调查的约350人中，近40%的人说他们曾与艺术家合作过；而且几乎所有人都说，他们将来会考虑这样做。

“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said.

一位受访者说：“艺术家帮助科学家接触到更广泛的受众，并建立能促进学习的情感联系。”

What does the author say about CAVS?

关于CAVS，作者说了什么？

He has [compared] it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.

他把写作比作水管工的活儿，指出水管工不会一觉醒来就说自己今天不能修水管。

“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.

“我对我们取得的进展感到兴奋，”布朗说。他为总部位于丹佛的NestFresh鸡蛋公司收集鸡蛋，并且正在增种更多能吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀供鸡食用的覆盖作物。

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学布兰迪万分校农业经济学副教授朱莉·斯坦顿表示，再生产品可能很难推销，因为这个概念很难被快速定义。

Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

这种耕作方式给食品本身带来的改善即便有也微乎其微（尽管一些生产商说他们的鸡蛋含有更多蛋白质）。

Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations.

Egg Innovations公司总裁约翰·布伦奎尔说，年轻人“真的很关心这个星球”。

Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretires” — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

调查显示，更令人惊讶的是，超过一半的“不退休者”——那些计划在退休后工作或退休后重返工作岗位的人——表示，即使他们有足够的钱安顿下来，晚年也还会去工作。

About 72% of “unretire” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.

约72%的“不退休”受访者表示，他们退休后会重返工作以保持头脑健康，而59%的人表示这与维持生计有关。

About 72% of “unretire” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.

约72%的“不退休”受访者表示，他们退休后会重返工作以保持头脑健康，而59%的人表示这与维持生计有关。

“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.

“退休的概念正在演变，”德美利证券退休业务高级经理克里斯汀·拉塞尔说。

Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

该公司表示，他们最常用的方式包括减少总体开支、购买人寿保险或尽可能多地向退休账户缴款。

Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.

总部位于巴尔的摩的理财规划公司Facet Wealth的联合创始人布伦特·韦斯说，不幸的是，许多选择在退休后工作的人之所以准备这样做，是因为他们担心晚年难以维持生计。

“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said.

“人生中最具挑战性的时刻是结婚、成家以及最终退休，”韦斯说。

“It’s an awesome data set,” says Nina Strohminger, a psychologist who teaches business ethics at the University of Pennsylvania and was not involved in the study.

“这是一个很棒的数据集，”在宾夕法尼亚大学教授商业伦理、未参与该研究的心理学家尼娜·斯特罗明格说。

“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says.

“对于一个相当小的干预来说，这实际上是一个相当大的效果，”施维茨格贝尔说。

Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.

未参与该研究的宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家尼娜·斯特罗明格说，她希望这种效果是真实的，但无法排除某个未知混杂变量的影响。

Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.

他认为，最不能打动人的是理性论证，尽管他的合著者说理性可能发挥了更大的作用。

“Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.

“运动太多太快，要么导致受伤，要么导致精疲力竭，”印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校人体运动学系教员玛丽·约克博士说。

“This isn’t something you can do overnight,” Denay says.

“这不是一蹴而就的事，”德内说。

Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.

迈阿密大学医院的物理治疗师、物理治疗博士马库斯·贾科维茨说，每天活动十分钟是一个良好的开端。

Exercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you’re more likely to do it again,” Jackovitz says.

贾科维茨说，和别人一起锻炼“可以让你有责任感，也让锻炼更有趣，所以你更有可能坚持下去”。

In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗·费拉罗说，事实上，扶贫和环境保护常常被视为相互冲突的目标。

There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

费拉罗说，在那里，随着人们的钱变多，其中一些人可能开垦了更多土地来养肉牛。

“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.

“我们看到，该计划与森林砍伐减少30%有关，”费拉罗说。

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says.

费拉罗说，这很可能是因为农村贫困人口把这笔钱当作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。

Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”

费拉罗说，即使这个计划没有减少贫困，“仅就二氧化碳排放而言，避免森林砍伐所带来的价值就超过了该计划的成本。”

Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

就连喜欢开怀大笑的马克·吐温也说过，说到肖像照，“没有什么比一个被永远定格的傻乎乎的笑容更糟糕的了”。

What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?

关于自己收集的维多利亚时代肖像照，作者说了什么？

But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

但法官帕特里夏·米利特在一份协同意见书中正确地指出，“这一结果脱离了现代宽带服务的现实”，并表示国会或最高法院可以介入，“以避免让互联网监管困于技术上的时代错位之中”。

“There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.

“有实验表明，面试结果自然而然地比人工智能的结果带有更多偏见，”《终极算法：机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界》一书的作者、华盛顿大学计算机科学教授佩德罗·多明戈斯说。

These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.

麻省理工学院人工智能与计算机科学教授帕特里克·H.温斯顿说，这些是“帮助人们使用数据的工具，而不是人的替代品”。

Domingos says, “[43]”

多明戈斯说：“{{43}}”

“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston.

“机器学习往往提供一种更可靠的统计形式，使数据更有价值，”温斯顿说。

“If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos.

“如果等它们先出故障再去修，代价会非常高，”多明戈斯说。

Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.

然而，在微软表示已将它们的最佳功能用到自己的产品中之后，这两款应用后来都被废弃了。

The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.

美国联邦贸易委员会表示，它想找到这个问题的答案。

However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.

然而，批评者表示，大公司利用此类交易，在最具威胁的潜在竞争对手的业务有机会发展壮大之前就将其买下，有时这是“收购并扼杀”策略的一部分，直接将其关闭。

“It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing.

“这就好比你在开手动挡的车，”东北大学心理学家朱迪思·霍尔说，“如果你开始想得太多，你就会记不起自己在做什么。

What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?

当你不同意一个比你更有权势的人时，你该说什么？

And if you do, what exactly should you say?

如果你说了，到底该说些什么？

You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here.

你可以这样说：“我知道我们似乎正倾向于在第一季度做出承诺。

And, assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.

而且，假如他同意了，你在表达反对意见时也会更有信心。

Instead of saying, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.”

不要说“如果我们把截止日期定在季度末，我们绝对完不成”，而要说“这只是我的看法，但我不知道我们怎样才能赶上那个截止日期”。

Instead of saying, “If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it,” say, “This is just my opinion, but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.”

不要说“如果我们把截止日期定在季度末，我们绝对完不成”，而要说“这只是我的看法，但我不知道我们怎样才能赶上那个截止日期”。

Scientists say the compound is [likely] to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.

科学家说这种化合物很可能致癌，但并没有确凿的科学证据。

[To be fair], the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods [entirely], but to reduce their lifetime intake.

说句公道话，食品标准局表示，它并不是要人们完全不吃烤制食品，而是要减少一生中的摄入量。

France Says “NO” to Tech Multinationals

法国对跨国科技公司说“不”

“Whether you’re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.

明森说：“无论你是政治家还是父母，记住这一点或许会有帮助：如果你试图说服一个与你信念不同的人，努力保持眼神交流可能会适得其反。”

And then the [inevitable] happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was too [harsh] and does nobody any good.

然后不可避免的事情就发生了：你失去耐心，要么对孩子大吼大叫，要么说出一些过于严厉、对谁都没好处的话。

[However], even though it’s common, it’s vital to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may [regret] for a long time.

然而，尽管这很常见，但必须牢记的是，在一时疲惫之下，你可能会对孩子说出一些让你后悔很久的话。

This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

奎因说，这可能使老鼠更好地记住自己早先曾解救过它，并希望在自己被困时机器鼠能投桃报李。

“Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity — where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them,” says Quinn.

“已有研究表明，老鼠会进行多种形式的互助与合作，包括所谓的直接互惠——即一只老鼠会帮助之前帮助过它的另一只老鼠，”奎因说。

“We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

“我们原以为得给它装上能动的头和尾巴、加上面部特征，还要给它喷上气味让它闻起来像真老鼠，但事实证明没有必要，”协助这项研究的澳大利亚昆士兰大学的珍妮特·怀尔斯说。

“We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,” says Wiles.

“我们人类似乎对机器人着迷，而事实证明其他动物也是如此，”怀尔斯说。

It’s not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S. economy.

这么说并不讨喜，但他们的薪酬上涨如此之多的一个原因是，相对于美国经济中的许多其他从业者，首席执行官们确实提升了自己的水平。

Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring — the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year — the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.

既然Z世代的成员将在今年春天大学毕业——最普遍接受的定义认为这代人出生于1995年之后，前后误差一年左右——近几周来人们对他们的关注一直在稳步上升。

“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane.

英格兰银行首席经济学家安德鲁·霍尔丹表示，“短期主义”即追求快速获利的欲望，在上市公司中已经愈演愈烈。

“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

美国证券交易委员会委员丹尼尔·加拉格尔本周在一次演讲中说：“短期思维似乎占据了主导地位，而这是以牺牲长期投资为代价的。”

“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

俄亥俄州立大学教务主任杰克·迈纳说：“最终，我们看到学生取得了更大的成功，因为他们重修了一门课程，在后续课程中表现更好，或者掌握了能让他们按时毕业的内容。”

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.

斯坦福大学神经科学家戴维·伊格尔曼说，人类究竟如何思考仍然过于复杂，难以理解，更不用说复制了。

The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.

最高法院周四的意见推翻了两项已有数十年历史的判决，各州称这两项判决每年让它们损失数十亿美元的收入。

The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.

被最高法院推翻的判例规定，如果一家企业将顾客购买的商品运往一个它没有仓库或办公室等实体存在的州，该企业就不必为该州代收销售税。

Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.

零售贸易团体对这项裁决表示赞扬，称它为本地企业和网络企业创造了公平的竞争环境。

The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.

零售分析师尼尔·桑德斯说，输家是纯网络零售商，尤其是规模较小的那些。

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”

倡导团体“小企业与创业委员会”在一份声明中说：“这项裁决根本没有照顾到小企业和互联网创业者的利益。”

It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.

该论文称，问题不仅仅在于人们做了糟糕的科学研究，还在于我们目前的职业晋升制度实际上在鼓励这种研究。

Children aren't born knowing how to say "I'm sorry"; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends — and their own consciences.

孩子并非生来就知道说“对不起”；相反，他们是随着时间推移才认识到，这样的话能安抚父母和朋友——以及他们自己的良心。

"There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary — feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

“关于内疚是什么、内疚能起什么作用，出现了一种复兴或者说重新思考，”弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿姆丽莎·韦什说。她还补充说，这种复兴是一种更广泛认识的一部分，即情绪并非非此即彼——在一种情境中可能有益的感受，在另一种情境中可能有害。

"That's good news," Malti says.

“这是个好消息，”马尔蒂说。

By saying "one of the harder challenges," the author implies that ____

作者说“一项较为艰巨的挑战”，暗示____

In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.

在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植者和近80%的葡萄干及浆果种植者表示他们缺乏劳动力。

DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment.

德松布尔并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。

It's just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.

她说，只是个人行动太慢了，不能作为改变普遍行为的唯一途径，甚至不能作为主要途径。

The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.

芝加哥临床心理学家瑞安·胡珀说，让孩子参与重大决定是个好主意，因为在这个可能令人不知所措的过程中，这能帮助他们获得一种掌控感和主人翁意识。

"Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system," he said.

“孩子们在应对重大搬迁时可能会面临严重的困难，尤其是当搬家让他们离开现在的学校或支持系统时，”他说。

Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home — but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.

加利亚尔多房地产联合公司的房产经纪人格雷格·雅罗谢夫斯基说，他并不认为孩子应该参与选房——但如果可能的话，在离朋友近不近和社交活动方面，应该考虑他们的意见。

Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home — without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, real estate attorney based in New York.

纽约的房地产律师亚当·贝利说，应该让年幼的孩子感觉是自己在选房子——但实际上并不让他们在这件事上做选择。

Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.

贝利说，问问他们喜欢候选房屋后院的什么地方，会让他们觉得自己参与了决策过程。

Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif.

加州圣克拉丽塔的房产经纪人特蕾西·汉普森说，购房涉及的许多方面都不是孩子会考虑的。

"Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions," Hampson said.

“在做出房产决策之前和孩子们谈谈是明智的，但我不会仅凭他们的意见来做购房决定，”汉普森说。

The other issue is that many children — especially older ones — may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.

加州里弗赛德诺里斯集团的亚伦·诺里斯说，另一个问题是，许多孩子——尤其是年龄较大的孩子——可能是从HGTV（家居园艺频道）的节目中获得房地产知识的。

"They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said.

“他们和我们其他人一样喜欢奇普·盖恩斯和乔安娜·盖恩斯，”他说。

Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.

诺里斯说，孩子们往往纠结于房子的特色以及给他们个人带来的直接好处。

Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with FitSmallBusiness.com.

FitSmallBusiness.com网站的房地产分析师朱莉·格纳说，父母需要提醒孩子，他们的需求和愿望可能会随时间而改变。

"Their opinions can change tomorrow," Gurner said.

“他们的意见明天就可能改变，”格纳说。

"Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best — and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own."

“虽然这样说可能有些刺耳，但这个决定或许不应取决于孩子的意见，而应在充分考虑什么样的房子最能满足他们需求的基础上替他们做出——同时给他们机会对房子稍加布置，让它成为自己的家。”

says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.

说在房产决策上不让孩子知情是明智的。

How many times have I heard people say, "I could write a book.

我有多少次听到人们说：“我也能写本书。

Easily said.

说起来容易。

About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media.

约三分之一的人表示，假新闻的问题在于通过社交媒体“对真实新闻的误读或夸大”。

“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

巴纳集团主编罗克珊·斯通说：“这表明在应对这一问题上，个人负有切实的责任。”

It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.

仅仅说DeepMind开发的算法将使患者受益并拯救生命是不够的。

The drive to [discover] is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for [food] or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago.

芝加哥大学的奚恺元（Christopher Hsee）说，探索发现的冲动深深植根于人类，与对食物或住所的基本需求非常相似。

“Thinking about long-term [consequences] is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says.

奚恺元说：“考虑长期后果是减少好奇心可能带来的负面影响的关键。”

Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype…that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.

他说，职业教育类学校“背负着那种刻板印象……认为它是为学业上不成功的孩子准备的”。

“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,” says Pillay.

皮莱说：“人们没有意识到的是，为了完成这些任务，他们需要同时使用大脑中的专注回路和非专注回路。”

Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person” — this is something that mostly happens with all of us.

假设你和一个不认识的人待在一个房间里，你的内心有个声音在说“我想和这个人聊聊”——这是我们大多数人都会遇到的情况。

You wanted to say something — the first word — but it just won’t come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere.

你想说点什么——说出第一个词——但它就是说不出口，感觉像是卡在了什么地方。

So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello” — do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.

所以要简单：“嗨”“嘿”或“你好”——尽你所能聚集起全部的热情和活力，露出灿烂的笑容，说一声“嗨”。

Just say it

大胆说出来

“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,” Gates says.

盖茨说：“每一本书都开辟了新的知识途径供人探索。”

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”

罗伯特·F·肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的GDP衡量的是“除了让生活有价值的东西以外的一切”。

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.

最高法院的判决称，审理麦克唐奈先生一案的法官没有告诉陪审团，他们只能审视他的“官方行为”，即这位前州长对与其职责相关的“具体”和“悬而未决”问题所做的决定。

“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

“许多工作枯燥、有损尊严、不健康，而且浪费人的潜能，”爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校的讲师约翰·丹纳赫说。

“When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel [tired],” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different” — perhaps different enough to throw himself [into] a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for [professional] matters.

“当我辛苦工作一天回到家时，我常常感到{{18}}，”丹纳赫说，并补充道，“在一个我不必工作的世界里，我的感觉可能会大不相同”——也许不同到足以让他以通常只留给{{20}}事务的那种热情{{19}}一项爱好或一个热衷的项目。

“Tech is designed to really suck you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.

“科技产品的设计就是要把你真正吸进去，”珍妮·拉德斯基在她关于数字游戏的研究中说，“数字产品的存在就是为了最大限度地促进用户投入。

“Parents don’t have to be exquisitely present at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky.

“父母不必时时刻刻都全身心陪伴，但需要有一种平衡，父母需要对孩子表达情感需求的言语或非言语表现作出回应并保持敏感，”拉德斯基说。

On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”

另一方面，特罗尼克本人担心，对孩子使用屏幕的忧虑源于一种“要求父母应该始终与孩子互动的压迫性观念”：“这种观念有点脱离现实，非常白人化，非常中上阶层化，它认为如果你没能让孩子接触到三万个单词，你就是在忽视他们。”

Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.

他说，父母用电子设备和朋友聊天或处理掉一些工作，能从中获益良多。

Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.

火灾生态与管理专家马克斯·莫里茨教授说，尽管日益频繁的野火常被视为西部各州的问题，但由于它对联邦税款的影响，这已成为一个全国性的问题。

“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says.

“从公共支出的角度来看，这对整个国家来说已经是一个大问题，”他说。

Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.

研究人员说，这种观点需要当今美国社会看待火灾的方式发生相应的转变。

While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.

莫里茨说，虽然气候是一个关键因素，但不应以牺牲其他因素为代价。

“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,” he says.

“人类系统和我们赖以生存的地貌是相互联系的，而且这种相互作用是双向的，”他说。

At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.

科罗拉多大学的鲍尔奇教授说，与此同时，人们仍然把火视为一种需要完全控制、只在必要时才释放的事物。

But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.

但她说，承认火在人类生活中不可避免的存在，这种态度对于制定尽可能保障安全的法律、政策和做法至关重要。

“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says.

“我们已经切断了自己与火共存的联系，”鲍尔奇说。

“They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm.

“工人更难找了，而且他们手里有工作机会，”家族企业金刚狼螺旋弹簧公司的总裁杰伊·邓韦尔说。

Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering.

当被问及他的职业选择时，他说上高中时曾考虑过读医学院，后来才转向了电气工程。

I love creating,” he says.

我喜欢创造，”他说。

They blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.

他们把这归咎于制造业的衰退，”密歇根州西部商业发展机构“好地方”的首席执行官比吉特·克洛斯说。

“The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College.

“缺口存在于不需要技能的工作和需要大量技能的工作之间，”蒙特卡姆社区学院的商学教授罗布·斯波尔说。

They really want to live their lives,” she says.

他们真的想过自己的生活，”她说。

says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools.

说他之所以转向电气工程是因为他喜欢使用工具。

says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.

说对工厂主来说，由于竞争激烈，工人更难找了。

says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off of the young people’s parents.

说制造业的衰退是年轻人的父母被裁员的原因。

But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream — I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!

但说实话，我之所以那么说，是因为我觉得自己与时尚结合只是一个梦想——我知道根本没人能想象我会进入时尚界！

“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.

一位研究人员说：“我们估计，无论是消除一个重大的劳工权益问题（如童工），还是将企业捐赠增加约20%，都会使罚款比贿赂外国官员的通常处罚低40%左右。”

“Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.

早在2010年，该报的发行人就说过：“在未来的某个时候。”

Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.

BuzzFeed首席执行官乔纳·佩雷蒂说，尽管运营成本可能很高、发行量也较低，但急于取消印刷版将是一个错误。

Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.

佩雷蒂说，《纽约时报》应尽快退出印刷业务，但前提是要以正确的方式去做。

“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”

他说：“想办法加快这一转型对他们来说是合理的，但如果你直接停掉印刷版，你最忠实的客户会对你非常不满。”

“It was seen as a blunder,” he said.

他说：“当时这被视为一个大错。”

“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said.

他说：“我不会选定某一年来终止印刷版。”

“So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said.

佩雷蒂说：“所以，如果你为印刷版多付了钱，你会觉得自己在出一份力。”

“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and [lean towards] R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.

“快乐的人会更有前瞻性、更有创造力，并且比一般人更{{20}}研发，这似乎确实是说得通的。”一位研究人员说。

Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院助理院长汤姆·科尔蒂纳说，没有经验的学生在上过几门入门课程后就能赶上来。

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial.

不过，科尔蒂纳说，早接触是有益的。

Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

科尔蒂纳说，让更多孩子接受这种训练可以增加对该领域感兴趣的人数，并有助于填补岗位缺口。

The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.

高中生学习同样的课程，但“我们尽量让课程贴合他们感兴趣的东西”，讲师维多利亚·弗里德曼说。

But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

但北卡罗来纳州的教育顾问黛博拉·西霍恩说，他们学到的技能——如何有逻辑地思考问题并整理结果——适用于任何编程语言。

“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.

“小草原鸡的处境岌岌可危，”美国鱼类及野生动物管理局局长丹尼尔·阿什说。

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.

例如，根据该计划，该机构表示不会起诉无意中杀死、伤害或惊扰这种鸟的土地所有者或企业，只要他们签署了一项旨在恢复草原鸡栖息地的全范围管理计划。

Overall, the idea is to let “states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said.

阿什说，总的来说，这个想法是让“各州在管理该物种方面继续处于主导地位”。

Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough.

不出所料，行业团体和各州普遍认为它管得太过了，而环保人士则说它做得还不够。

“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

“联邦政府正把管理这种鸟的责任交给那些正把它推向灭绝的行业，”生物学家杰伊·利宁格说。

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.

年轻人和老年人在一个关键点上看法一致：两个群体中的绝大多数人都表示，他们认为如今的年轻人比前几代人更难开启人生。

Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.

施耐德是来自芝加哥郊区的一名27岁的汽车技师，他说自己大学毕业后费了好大劲才找到工作。

Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.”

他说，即使现在有了稳定的工作，“我也无力独自支付每月的房贷，所以我不得不把房间租出去才能付得起。”

“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said.

“尽管我父母没有大学学位，我仍然是在一个中上阶层家庭里长大的，”施耐德说。

Having said all of the above, it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy.

说了这么多，还有一点很重要需要补充：我们不应该太过努力地追求快乐。

As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”

正如据说中国哲学家庄子所言：“至乐无乐。”

As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even [know] their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who [resemble] our kin.”

正如加州大学圣迭戈分校医学遗传学教授詹姆斯·福勒所说：“大多数人甚至不认识自己的四代表亲，却总能设法选择与我们亲属相似的人做朋友。”

The findings do not simply explain people’s [tendency] to befriend those of similar [ethnic] backgrounds, say the researchers.

研究人员称，这些发现并不只是说明人们倾向于与民族背景相似的人交朋友。

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

当被问及是否有特定论文促成了这一变化时，麦克纳特说：“设立‘统计委员会’是出于对科学研究中统计和数据分析应用的广泛担忧，也是《科学》杂志提高所发表研究的可重复性这一整体努力的一部分。”

Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role”.

哈佛大学公共卫生学院的生物统计学家、统计审稿编辑委员会成员乔瓦尼·帕尔米贾尼表示，他预计该委员会将“主要发挥咨询作用”。

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue”.

研究方法论的医生约翰·约安尼迪斯说，这一政策是“极受欢迎的进步”，而且“早该如此”。

I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says.

我认为，对于如今的大多数科学论文来说，统计审查比专家评审更为重要。”他说。

Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

沃克斯说，《科学》杂志将部分论文交给统计学家审阅的想法“有一定可取之处，但其弱点在于，它首先要依靠审稿编辑委员会来识别‘需要审查的论文’”。

Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”

一位事件记录者写道：“在十二里格之外，空气闻起来就像刚刚盛开的花园一样香甜。”

“Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says.

“手机成了我们的安全毯，”沃特曼说。

In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.

她指出，事实上女性甚至表示她们在工作时感觉更好。

Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn.

哈佛商学院教授南希·克恩说：“即使在传统的办公室里，美国企业界的通用语言也比20年前感性得多，也更偏‘右脑’了。”

“You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.

库拉纳说：“企业引入了历史上常与非营利组织和宗教组织联系在一起的术语，比如愿景、价值观、激情和目标。”

As a linguist once said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”

正如一位语言学家曾经说过的：“你可以让人们一边觉得它是胡扯，一边又认同它。”

My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real.

我最喜欢的演员威尔·史密斯曾说：“恐惧不是真实的。

The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.

正如亚历山大·波利亚科夫今年3月领取该奖时所说，奖金300万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一项有趣的尝试。

These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

这些捐助者说，他们已经在自己选择的领域取得了成功，想用自己的财富让人们关注那些在科学上取得成功的人。

The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.

科学家们说，这些新奖项是其幕后出资人的自我宣传之举。

(50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.

(50) 贝多芬的大部分作品可以这样解读：苦难不可避免，但与之抗争的勇气让生命值得一过。

It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema.

邓恩女士和诺顿先生说，把钱花在体验上要好得多，比如有趣的旅行、独特的餐食，甚至是去看电影。

An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are.

《科学美国人》上的一篇文章指出，实证研究表明，实际上你认为自己比实际更漂亮。

“I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley.

“我不认为我们的研究结果能证明个人存在妄想，”埃普利说。

“It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,” says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves.”

“并不是说人们的个人资料不诚实，”威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的卡塔琳娜·托马说，“而是他们描绘的是理想化的自己。”

And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.

然而，《拉动的力量》等书的作者约翰·黑格尔说，布林约尔松和麦卡菲没有看到这些工作从一开始就如此容易受到技术冲击的原因。

Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”.

黑格尔说，我们在美国设计的工作往往是“严格按脚本进行”和“高度标准化”的，没有给“个人主动性或创造力”留下任何空间。

That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.

黑格尔说，我们就是这样在美国工人背上贴了一个巨大的靶子。

It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says.

黑格尔说，是时候重新设计工作方式了，因为我们仍然依赖着非常20世纪式的工作观念。

“Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor.

“健康的乐观意味着与现实保持联系，”哈佛大学教授泰勒·本-沙哈尔说。

By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

通过观察人们在网上搜索什么、点击什么、说什么，公司可以把“行为定向”广告投向那些最有可能购买的人。

It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

微软表示，将随Windows 8一同推出的IE 10浏览器会把DNT设为默认选项。

Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.

全美广告商协会首席执行官鲍勃·利奥迪斯说，如果该行业无法收集消费者的偏好信息，消费者的处境会更糟。

People will not get fewer ads, he says.

他说，人们看到的广告并不会减少。

After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.

毕竟，微软也有广告业务，它表示该业务将遵守DNT请求，尽管具体如何操作仍在研究之中。

The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ____

作者对布伦登·林奇在博客中所说的话持____态度

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.

但如果把眼光放得更长远，我们能相当有把握地论断的东西多得惊人。

However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.

不过，大法官们表示，亚利桑那州警方可以核查与执法部门有接触的人员的合法身份。

John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on ____

约翰·戈特曼说，可靠的快速反应是基于____

“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently.

“我个人并不喜欢配额制，”雷丁最近说道。

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters.

人人都这么说，但对于节俭的食客来说，这确实是一条绝佳的建议。

The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.

此案涉及的法律问题并不明朗：虽然最高法院已裁定各州确实对核电拥有一定的监管权，但法学家们表示，佛蒙特案将对这些权力的边界进行一次开创先例的检验。

District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want.

学区管理者说，家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分；老师想布置多少就可以布置多少。

By saying “it is...the rainbow” (Para.1), the author means pink ____

作者说“它是……彩虹”（第1段），意思是粉色____

The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

这家位于犹他州的公司的首席执行官说，该裁决对企业和患者都是福音。

By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Para. 6), the author means that ____

作者说“每场会议都座无虚席”（第6段），意思是____

Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.

许多人说，失业虽然极其痛苦，却在某些方面让他们变得更好：他们变得不那么物质，理财更加谨慎；他们更能体会他人的艰辛。

By saying “to find silver linings” (Para.2) the author suggests that the jobless try to ____

作者说“寻找一线希望”（第2段），意在表明失业者努力____

Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.

麦吉说，公开宣布自己的抱负“完全是我自己的决定”。

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.

麦吉说，在没有找好下家的情况下离职，使他有时间思考自己想经营一家什么样的公司。

Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

光辉国际的高级合伙人丹尼斯·凯里说：“在我做过的人才搜寻中，我想不出有哪一次董事会没有指示我先考虑现任首席执行官。”

Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO.

十年前，埃伦·马拉姆辞去纯果乐公司总裁一职，称她想当首席执行官。

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.

许多招聘人员说，对于业绩出众者来说，过去那种（辞职求职的）耻辱感正在消退。

“The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.

“传统的规则是待在原位更安全，但这一规则已被彻底颠覆了，”一位猎头说。

The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.

梅南先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键在于改变“知识生产者被培养出来”的方式。否则，学者们的思维将继续危险地趋同，与他们所研究、调查和批评的社会日益脱节。“至少在某些领域，学术探究可能需要减少排他性，变得更加全面。”然而，究竟如何做到这一点，梅南先生并没有说。

The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

她说，这个职位实在太占用时间了。

By saying “Newspapers like...their own doom” (Para.1), the author indicates that newspapers ____

作者通过第一段中“像……这样的报纸正在记录着自己的末日”一句表明，报纸____

Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.

英国皇家儿科与儿童健康学院院长特伦斯·斯蒂芬森教授说，食用不健康食品应被视为与吸烟或酗酒同样有害。

I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.

我认为我们应该这样做。”这位英国儿科医生的领导者说道。

He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness.

他说，薯片和糖果生产商可以在“为生活而改变”运动中发挥核心作用，该运动是政府推动健康饮食和健身工作的重点。

“If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes — by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.

他说：“如果我们真的有魄力，甚至可以开始像对待香烟一样对待高热量快餐——对广告、植入式广告和体育赛事赞助加以严格限制。”

Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.

斯蒂芬森说，快餐连锁店还应停止提供玩具、可爱的动物玩偶和手机话费等“诱饵”来吸引年轻顾客。

Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”

英国皇家精神科医学院院长迪内希·布格拉教授说：“如果让孩子们了解食物对他们成长的影响，知道有些东西会造成伤害，那么至少他们事先就能获得这些信息。”

A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.

卫生部一位发言人说：“我们需要为公共卫生开创一个新愿景，让全社会共同努力，变得更健康、活得更长久。

And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.

而且如果你规划得当，你就会知道自己只需要比如350克牛腱肉和六片培根，而不是超市冷柜里预先包装好的随便多少分量。

But because hard laughter is difficult to [sustain], a good laugh is unlikely to have [measurable] benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

但由于开怀大笑难以持续，痛快地笑一场不太可能像散步或慢跑那样带来可以衡量的益处。

Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”

他没有用通常那些含糊其辞的借口来掩饰自己的离职，而是直言不讳地说，他离开是“为了追求经营一家公司的目标”。