science简单

And that’s a shame, because there is much to recommend in the idea of scientific literacy as it was originally articulated in 1945, a time when science appeared to be the key to progress and scientists seemingly held the fate of the world in their hands.

这很遗憾，因为1945年最初阐述的科学素养理念有许多可取之处，在那个时代，科学似乎是进步的关键，科学家似乎掌握着世界的命运。

(47) A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.

(47) 回归那种版本的科学素养——更注重教授科学是什么以及科学如何运作，而较少注重记忆科学事实——似乎正是当今社会迫切需要的。

In the United States, the desire to provide the public with a general, nontechnical education in science originated as far back as the late 1800s.

在美国，为公众提供普及性、非专业性科学教育的愿望早在19世纪后期就已出现。

The development in 1915 of the popular new subject “general science” was another effort to train students to apply the principles of science to everyday, nonscience problems.

1915年开设的广受欢迎的新学科“普通科学”是另一项努力，旨在训练学生将科学原理应用于日常的非科学问题。

The development in 1915 of the popular new subject “general science” was another effort to train students to apply the principles of science to everyday, nonscience problems.

1915年开设的广受欢迎的新学科“普通科学”是另一项努力，旨在训练学生将科学原理应用于日常的非科学问题。

Although these efforts were aimed at the nonscience-bound student, they never really made their way into mainstream thought and public discourse as a means to rally widespread support for the importance of science teaching in schools.

尽管这些努力针对的是不打算从事科学的学生，但它们从未真正进入主流思想和公共话语，成为凝聚广泛支持、让人们认识到学校科学教学重要性的手段。

(49) It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.

(49) 直到20世纪40年代“科学素养”一词出现，科学才拥有了它所需要的强有力的口号，以引起公众的关注，并使改进科学教育成为一项重要的国家目标。

(49) It wasn’t until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.

(49) 直到20世纪40年代“科学素养”一词出现，科学才拥有了它所需要的强有力的口号，以引起公众的关注，并使改进科学教育成为一项重要的国家目标。

(50) The intense focus on scientific literacy in the United States originally grew out of the critical role of science and technology during World War II, as well as the perceived deficiencies of American soldiers.

(50) 美国对科学素养的高度关注最初源于科学技术在第二次世界大战期间的关键作用，以及人们所察觉到的美国士兵的不足。

As the war unfolded, science rapidly assumed a central role.

随着战争的展开，科学迅速占据了核心地位。

Science-based analytical approaches proved remarkably successful in the hunt for German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean.

基于科学的分析方法在大西洋搜寻德国潜艇的行动中被证明非常成功。

And it is equally true that science’s unrelenting appetite for information has caused a mushrooming of energy-intensive data centres around the world.

同样确凿的是，科学对信息永无止境的渴求导致高能耗的数据中心在全世界迅速涌现。

But demonstrating the efficacy of science will be crucial if we are to solve humanity’s greatest challenges.

但如果我们要解决人类面临的最大挑战，展示科学的效用将至关重要。

Recognising the hope that science and engineering can bring was the impetus behind the creation of the Millennium Technology Prize, which is now entering its 20th year as a celebration of human ingenuity.

认识到科学和工程能够带来的希望，正是设立千年技术奖的动力所在；作为对人类创造力的颂扬，该奖项如今已进入第20个年头。

Innovation and research have relied on public participation in science for centuries.

几个世纪以来，创新和研究一直依赖于公众对科学的参与。

(46) Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions, such as a university.

(46) 近几十年来，科学逐渐形成了一种惯例，即只能通过大学等机构才能参与这门学科。

Citizen science provides an opportunity for greater public engagement and the democratisation of science.

公民科学为更广泛的公众参与和科学的民主化提供了机会。

Citizen science provides an opportunity for greater public engagement and the democratisation of science.

公民科学为更广泛的公众参与和科学的民主化提供了机会。

You don’t even need any formal training, just an inquisitive mind and the enthusiasm to join one of the thousands of citizen science projects to generate new knowledge and the means to understand a genuine scientific outcome.

你甚至不需要任何正规训练，只需要一颗好奇的心和热情，去加入成千上万个公民科学项目中的一个，以产生新知识，并获得理解真正科学成果的途径。

This form of accessible science means that great minds are able to join the race to create and develop projects with the potential to change the world.

这种人人可及的科学形式意味着，杰出的头脑能够加入这场竞赛，去创建和开发有潜力改变世界的项目。

A citizen science-based approach can extend the field of vision and include different ideas and different brains to problem-solve and create, making innovation faster and more effective.

基于公民科学的方法可以拓展视野，容纳不同的想法和不同的头脑来解决问题和进行创造，使创新更快、更有效。

The rise of citizen science has grown alongside the rise of do-it-yourself biology laboratories around the world.

公民科学的兴起与世界各地自助式生物实验室的兴起同步发展。

(50) They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.

(50) 他们汇集资源、相互协作、跳出固有思维，寻找解决办法和绕开障碍的途径，为科学而探索科学，不受在正规机构内工作的传统界限束缚。

(50) They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.

(50) 他们汇集资源、相互协作、跳出固有思维，寻找解决办法和绕开障碍的途径，为科学而探索科学，不受在正规机构内工作的传统界限束缚。

High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through an extracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship, says Erica Gwyn, a former math and science magnet program assistant at a public high school who is now executive director of the Kaleidoscope Careers Academy in Atlanta, a nonprofit organization.

埃丽卡·格温说，通过课外活动对所在社区产生了强大积极影响的高中生可能会给大学留下深刻印象并赢得奖学金。她曾是一所公立高中数理特色项目的助理，现任亚特兰大非营利组织万花筒职业学院的执行主任。

Pat Hardy, who sympathises with the views of the energy sector, is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils.

认同能源行业观点的帕特·哈迪正在抵制针对青春期前学生的科学标准拟议修改。

A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.

由科学家和教师组成的非营利团体——美国国家科学教育中心去年开展了一项研究，考察全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上讲授气候变化，结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的评级。

A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.

由科学家和教师组成的非营利团体——美国国家科学教育中心去年开展了一项研究，考察全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上讲授气候变化，结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的评级。

Glenn Branch, the center’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards.

该中心副主任格伦·布兰奇提醒说，在一个把决策权下放给地方学校董事会的国家，制定州级科学标准只是一个作用有限的基准。

Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.

他说，即便一个州的科学标准被认为表现出色，“那也不意味着这些内容就会被讲授”。

policymakers have little drive for science education.

政策制定者对科学教育缺乏动力。

Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks.

得州不愿重写其科学教科书。

According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US ____

根据布兰奇的说法，美国的州级科学标准____

Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history — Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on — after examining artifacts in museums.

新里斯本大学科学技术学院文物保护与修复专业助理教授若阿娜·利娅·费雷拉指出，考古学家正是在研究了博物馆里的文物之后，才首次界定了人类历史上伟大的材料时代——石器时代、铁器时代等等。

These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.

在一系列关于艺术家与研究人员合作的文章中，《自然》杂志的读者用这些词来描述他们参与艺术与科学合作的经历。

As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.

随着科学技术不断进步并分化出更多的分支学科，该中心同时也在期待这样一个时代：顶尖的研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人，反之亦然。

The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.

艺术与科学合作的范围需要超越传播研究成果这一必要目的，参与者也绝不能陷入对彼此抱有刻板印象的陷阱。

According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have ____

根据第1段，艺术与科学的合作____

art can offer audiences easy access to science.

艺术能让受众轻松接触科学

science can help with the expression of emotions.

科学有助于情感的表达

public participation in science has a promising future.

公众参与科学前景光明

Some artists seem to worry that in the art-science partnership ____

一些艺术家似乎担心，在艺术与科学的合作中____

It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.

它是有价值的艺术与科学联盟的典范

In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ____.

在最后一段，作者认为艺术与科学的合作____。

should do more than communicating science.

应当不只是传播科学

The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences.

我所在大学的动物学专业吸引了这样一些学生：参观动物园是他们关键的成长经历，正是这一经历促使他们主修生物科学。

While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.

虽然圈养的动物值得同情，但动物园在引导年轻人走上相关科学道路方面发挥着重要作用。

It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.

这场斗争在许多不同层面上展开：拿破仑的法国军队与愤怒的当地居民之间；一心想加剧皇帝困境的英国人与从巴黎派来试图遏制他们的元帅们之间；科学与任人唯贤的新势力和保守主义与门第出身的旧势力之间。

Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:

以下是硬科学对眼神交流的揭示：

Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.

文艺复兴思想传遍欧洲，一直延续到17世纪，艺术和科学在那些更具逻辑思维倾向的人群中异常繁荣。

The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits.

这些区域确实带来了一定的空气质量改善，而科学告诉我们，这意味着实实在在的健康益处。

Why is so much bad science published?

为什么会有这么多糟糕的科学研究得以发表？

A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.

最近发表在英国皇家学会开放科学网站上的一篇题为《糟糕科学的自然选择》的论文，试图回答这个耐人寻味又十分重要的问题。

A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.

最近发表在英国皇家学会开放科学网站上的一篇题为《糟糕科学的自然选择》的论文，试图回答这个耐人寻味又十分重要的问题。

It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.

该论文称，问题不仅仅在于人们做了糟糕的科学研究，还在于我们目前的职业晋升制度实际上在鼓励这种研究。

(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

(50) 如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究既有意义又可重复，我们就必须确保我们的机构鼓励这样的科学研究。

(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

(50) 如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究既有意义又可重复，我们就必须确保我们的机构鼓励这样的科学研究。

Because humans have an inherent need to [resolve] uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science.

根据《心理科学》上最近的一项研究，这是因为人类天生就有消除不确定性的需要。

And so he reads — everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels.

于是他开始读书——从百科全书到科幻小说，无所不读。

Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year.

如今，他的阅读材料已不再是科幻小说和参考书：最近，他透露自己每年至少读50本非虚构类书籍。

In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.

他们急于建造更大的望远镜，却忘记了科学并不是认识世界的唯一途径。

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.

然而，科学也有其文化历史，其根源可以追溯到文明的开端。

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.

诚然，高中编程课对于在大学学习计算机科学并非必不可少。

Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院助理院长汤姆·科尔蒂纳说，没有经验的学生在上过几门入门课程后就能赶上来。

When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses.

当年龄较小的孩子学习计算机科学时，他们会认识到它不仅仅是一串令人困惑、没完没了的字母和数字，而是一种用来开发应用程序、创作艺术作品或检验假设的工具。

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.

学生在上大学之前学一些编程知识也有好处，因为大学里的计算机科学入门课人满为患，这可能会把经验较少或决心不足的学生赶走。

Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to ____

科尔蒂纳认为，早接触计算机科学会让人更容易____

That is [what] a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has [concluded].

这就是加州大学和耶鲁大学发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究所得出的结论。

The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.

《科学》杂志主编玛西娅·麦克纳特今天宣布，该杂志将在同行评审流程中增加一轮统计审查。

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”

当被问及是否有特定论文促成了这一变化时，麦克纳特说：“设立‘统计委员会’是出于对科学研究中统计和数据分析应用的广泛担忧，也是《科学》杂志提高所发表研究的可重复性这一整体努力的一部分。”

This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”

这种影响不仅会通过《科学》杂志本身的出版物体现，而且有望通过更多可能效仿《科学》做法的出版机构体现出来。”

This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”

这种影响不仅会通过《科学》杂志本身的出版物体现，而且有望通过更多可能效仿《科学》做法的出版机构体现出来。”

Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.

沃克斯说，《科学》杂志将部分论文交给统计学家审阅的想法“有一定可取之处，但其弱点在于，它首先要依靠审稿编辑委员会来识别‘需要审查的论文’”。

Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

《科学》杂志打算简化其同行评审流程。

increase Science’s circulation.

提高《科学》杂志的发行量。

David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ____

戴维·沃克斯认为，《科学》杂志现在的做法____

Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.

《科学》加入审查论文统计数据的行列

Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science.

统计学家随《科学》回归

This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。

These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

这些捐助者说，他们已经在自己选择的领域取得了成功，想用自己的财富让人们关注那些在科学上取得成功的人。

Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

有些人想引起轰动，有些人想吸引人们投身科学，或者更好地奖励那些以研究为事业的人。

As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes — both new and old — are distributed.

正如《自然》杂志此前指出的，对于科学奖项——无论新旧——的颁发方式，确实存在一些合理的担忧。

Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.

第二，金钱和关注流向科学而不是别处，这无疑是件好事。

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.

美国艺术与科学院（AAAS）刚刚发布的报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，因为它肯定了人文社会科学对美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性。

“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.

美国艺术与科学院（AAAS）刚刚发布的报告《问题的核心》值得称赞，因为它肯定了人文社会科学对美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性。

In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.

作为回应，美国艺术与科学院成立了人文与社会科学委员会。

Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberal propaganda.

可悲的是，曾经在校园里根深蒂固的探究精神，已经被利用人文社会科学来宣扬“进步主义”或左翼自由主义宣传的做法所取代。

Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilment and opportunity for all.

科学技术将治愈人类的一切弊病，让所有人都过上充实而充满机遇的生活。

The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.

当今技术可能的演变及其社会影响复杂得令人眼花缭乱，也许最好留给科幻作家和未来学家去探索我们所能设想的种种可能。

our faith in science and technology.

我们对科学技术的信心。

The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

人们对科幻小说的兴趣在上升。

Science, Technology and Humanity.

科学、技术与人类。

The social sciences are flourishing.

社会科学正蓬勃发展。

According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

根据《2010年世界社会科学报告》，自2000年以来，全球社会科学专业学生的人数每年增长约11%。

According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

根据《2010年世界社会科学报告》，自2000年以来，全球社会科学专业学生的人数每年增长约11%。

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.

如今，社会科学主要关注学科内部问题和内部学术争论，而不是具有外部影响的话题。

But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.

但其用意并不是要忽视社会科学；恰恰相反。

However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

然而，这些数字仍然很小：2010年，全球发表的10万篇社会科学论文中，只有约1600篇包含其中一个关键词。

Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

尽管存在这些因素，许多社会科学家似乎仍不愿着手解决这类问题。而在欧洲，一些人对一项提案表示强烈抗议，该提案要求取消社会科学研究的专门资助类别，将其并入可持续发展的跨领域课题之中。

During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

20世纪90年代末，各国在社会科学和人文学科上的支出占全部研发经费（包括政府、高等教育、非营利机构和企业的经费）的比例从约4%到25%不等；在大多数欧洲国家，这一比例约为15%。

The [prevention] of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to [cope with] security issues.

防范这类欺诈绝非易事，一个新的计算机科学领域正在发展起来，以应对安全问题。

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

在理想化的科学研究图景中，关于世界的事实等待着运用科学方法开展工作的客观研究者去观察和收集。

But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.

但在日常的科学实践中，发现往往遵循一条模糊而复杂的路径。

As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

随着一项发现主张在科学界中逐步推进，关于所涉科学和技术的共同信念与相互竞争的信念之间的互动和交锋，把个人的发现主张转变为科学界可信的发现。

Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.

科学研究中可信度的演进。

Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.

科学门槛前对可信度的挑战。

In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.

在某种程度上，这种对共性的追求界定了科学。

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.

自然科学中的这一倾向在社会科学中也早已显而易见。

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.

自然科学中的这一倾向在社会科学中也早已显而易见。

So have science and general business reporters.

科学记者和综合商业记者也是如此。