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n. 科学家71 次
In 2022, Swetnam and other scientists teamed up to compile a database of fire-scarred trees from across the continent.
2022年，斯韦特纳姆和其他科学家合作，汇编了一个涵盖整个北美大陆带火疤树木的数据库。
Yet even as scientists and public officials increasingly agree on the need for more fires in our forests, climate change is making this tactic more challenging, experts said.
然而专家们表示，尽管科学家和政府官员越来越认同我们的森林需要更多的火，但气候变化正使这一策略变得更具挑战性。
We are living through a golden age of science writing, so lucid and accessible that even lay readers can relish the unpredictability of discovery. Daunted by uncertainty? Stand in the shoes of scientists and witness the degree to which breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina. “We are never sure of anything,” says the physicist (and writer) Carlo Rovelli.
我们正处在科普写作的黄金时代，这些作品清晰易懂，就连外行读者也能尽情体会科学发现的不可预测性。被不确定性吓倒了吗？站在科学家的角度，见证突破在多大程度上源自意外、冲突和纯粹的精神毅力。“我们从来都不能确定任何事情，”物理学家（兼作家）卡洛·罗韦利说。
And that’s a shame, because there is much to recommend in the idea of scientific literacy as it was originally articulated in 1945, a time when science appeared to be the key to progress and scientists seemingly held the fate of the world in their hands.
这很遗憾，因为1945年最初阐述的科学素养理念有许多可取之处，在那个时代，科学似乎是进步的关键，科学家似乎掌握着世界的命运。
As a result, scientists — physicists in particular — found themselves in high demand.
因此，科学家——尤其是物理学家——发现自己变得炙手可热。
I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions.
最近我震惊地得知，一些科学家想要缩减研究，以减少碳排放。
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It is unarguable that our laboratories, scientific instruments, rockets and satellites — the tools we scientists need to measure the planet’s pulse — demand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation.
无可争辩的是，我们的实验室、科学仪器、火箭和卫星——这些我们科学家用来测量地球脉搏的工具——在建造和运行中都需要大量能源。
It can be hard for scientists to make the case because our work is complex, often takes place behind closed doors and does not always lend itself to easy interpretation or explanation.
科学家们可能很难为此辩护，因为我们的工作很复杂，往往在幕后进行，而且并不总是易于解读或解释。
Every day, scientists, technologists and engineers are discovering new ways to exploit renewable energy sources and develop techniques not just to use power more intelligently but to power our intelligence.
每天，科学家、技术专家和工程师都在发现利用可再生能源的新途径，开发的技术不仅能更智能地使用电力，还能为我们的智能提供动力。
The author expressed great surprise at some scientists’ ____
作者对一些科学家的____深感惊讶
the achievements of great scientists.
伟大科学家的成就。
(47) But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.
(47) 但通过利用公众与生俱来的好奇心，让非科学家直接参与研究过程，就有可能克服其中的许多挑战。
Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of age, nationality or academic experience.
任何人都可以成为公民科学家，无论年龄、国籍或学术经历如何。
(48) Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application.
(48) 科学家们采用了多种方式让公众参与他们的研究，例如把数据分析做成网络游戏，或把样本采集做成智能手机应用程序。
(49) These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.
(49) 这些群体是一场迅速发展的生物技术社会运动的一部分，这场运动由公民科学家和专业科学家组成，他们力图把科学发现从机构中带出来，交到任何有热情的人手中。
(49) These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.
(49) 这些群体是一场迅速发展的生物技术社会运动的一部分，这场运动由公民科学家和专业科学家组成，他们力图把科学发现从机构中带出来，交到任何有热情的人手中。
Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views.
大多数科学家和专家强烈反对哈迪的观点。
“They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion,” says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education.
“他们轻率地把学者和科学家毕生的工作当作又一种被误导的观点而不予理会，”得克萨斯自由网络的高级传播策略师丹·奎因说，该组织是一个监督公共教育的非营利团体。
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.
由科学家和教师组成的非营利团体——美国国家科学教育中心去年开展了一项研究，考察全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上讲授气候变化，结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的评级。
The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表论文的数量和声望，但更取决于这些论文获得的引用。
In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.
在一个例子中，一个人身兼作者、编辑和顾问三职，竟能利用至少15种期刊为三所大学的五位科学家发表的文章提供引用。
According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by ____
根据第1段，科学家的职业生涯可能取决于____
Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.
尽管美洲原住民（以及后来的矿工和毛皮猎人）早就认识到该地区的富饶，但大多数美国人并不了解。这就是为什么海登的考察旨在更全面地了解黄石河地区，从温泉、瀑布到各种动植物。除了随行的科学家，考察队还有艺术家：画家托马斯·莫兰和摄影师威廉·亨利·杰克逊负责捕捉这令人惊叹的自然之美，并将其与世界分享。
For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved.
长期以来，科学家和政策制定者都专注于这样一种观念：青少年是一个需要解决的问题。
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have [argued] that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, [forming] “a plant nervous system, [analogous] to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They [even] claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
该研究的第一作者林肯·泰兹说：“从2006年开始，一些科学家就主张植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类神经元细胞，从而构成‘一个类似于动物神经系统的植物神经系统’，他们甚至声称植物的根尖处有‘类似大脑的指挥中心’。”
Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them to communicate their work to new audiences.
科学家们越来越多地寻求视觉艺术家的帮助，以便向新的受众传播他们的工作。
“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said.
一位受访者说：“艺术家帮助科学家接触到更广泛的受众，并建立能促进学习的情感联系。”
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.
艺术家和科学家如何共同带来感官震撼的一个例子发生在上个月：悉尼交响乐团演奏了安东尼奥·维瓦尔第《四季》的改编版。
Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.
回应《自然》调查的艺术家比科学家少；不过，有几位受访者指出，艺术家不只是协助科学家满足其传播需求。
Fewer artists than scientists responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.
回应《自然》调查的艺术家比科学家少；不过，有几位受访者指出，艺术家不只是协助科学家满足其传播需求。
The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work.
当科学家和艺术家在一个项目中有共同的利害关系、能够共同设计项目并能相互评论对方的工作时，这种联盟才最有价值。
Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration.
光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西，因此可以成为合作的基础。
Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.
艺术家和科学家同样沉浸于发现和发明之中，而挑战和批评也同样是两者的核心。
It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
它由艺术家和科学家轮流领导
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.
尽管伦理课在世界各地都很常见，但科学家们并不确定这些课程能否真正改变人的行为；无论支持还是反对，证据都很薄弱，要么依赖人为设计的实验室测试，要么依赖有时并不可靠的自我报告。
Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are ____
科学家们普遍认为，伦理课的效果____
But [while] aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
但{{3}}衰老不可避免，科学家们正在发现，大脑功能的某些变化也许并非如此。
Scientists say the compound is [likely] to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof.
科学家说这种化合物很可能致癌，但并没有确凿的科学证据。
Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.
科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究成果，因此他们会无偿提供文章。
Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
其他科学家同样免费从事同行评审这项专门工作，因为这是获得地位和产出科学知识的核心环节。
render publishing much easier for scientists.
使科学家发表论文容易得多。
The Church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.
在这场争夺真理的伟大斗争中，教会长期以来的教条正在输给理性主义者和科学家。
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.
所谓的通用人工智能，即能够模仿人类思维方式的机器，至今仍令科学家们无法企及。
fascinates AI scientists all over the world.
令全世界的人工智能科学家着迷。
(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
(49) 要不是科学家可以很容易地在自己日后发表的论文中安排自我引用，或者让同事为他们引用以换取类似的回报，这种做法本来是合理的。
Scientists have found that exposure [to] this hormone puts us in a trusting [mood]: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their [counterparts] who inhaled something else.
科学家发现，接触{{8}}这种激素会让我们处于一种信任的{{9}}之中：在瑞士的一项研究中，研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻腔；与吸入其他物质的{{10}}相比，这些受试者愿意借给陌生人的钱要多得多。
In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students’ willingness to [expose] themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.
在一系列共四项实验中，芝加哥大学和威斯康星商学院的行为科学家测试了学生为满足好奇心而让自己暴露于不愉快刺激之下的意愿。
He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well.
他勾选了“宇航员”，但很快又在清单上加上了“科学家”，并且也选了它。
Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.
科学家告诉我们，这可能适得其反，实际上会对我们的幸福感产生负面影响。
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyse data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.
细胞生物学家戴维·沃克斯表示，人们期望专业科学家懂得如何分析数据，但已发表的研究中统计错误多得惊人。
In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a [conversation].
在2011年的一项实验中，行为科学家尼古拉斯·埃普利和朱莉安娜·施罗德让通勤者做一件难以想象的事：开启一段对话。
[However], because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate [according to] mental effort.
然而，由于这些联系是通过努力和练习建立起来的，科学家们认为智力会随着脑力投入的多少而增长和波动。
Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.
据这篇新闻特稿中引述的几位科学家说，不好的地方还真不少。
The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.
科学家们说，这些新奖项是其幕后出资人的自我宣传之举。
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear.
尽管有些科学家可能会抱怨这些新奖项，但有两点似乎是明确的。
the profit-oriented scientists.
唯利是图的科学家。
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness.
心理学家兼行为科学家尼古拉斯·埃普利主持了一项关于自我提升与吸引力的重要研究。
As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia.
截至2005年，全世界各领域的专业社会科学家已近50万人，他们既在学术界内也在学术界外工作。
To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
套用伟大的社会科学家约瑟夫·熊彼特的话来说：没有创造性破坏，就没有根本性创新。
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.
即使社会科学家确实着手解决实际问题，其视野也往往局限于本地：例如，比利时主要关注的是贫困对比利时的影响。
Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
抱怨资金不足的社会科学家在当今的经济环境下不应期望得到更多。
The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.
欧盟框架资助计划长期以来一直设有专门针对社会科学家的类别。
This has resulted in protests from social scientists.
这引起了社会科学家的抗议。
It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
可能我们正在形成两个社会科学家群体：一个以学科为导向，在高度专业化的期刊上发表文章；另一个以问题为导向，在其他地方发表成果，例如政策简报。
The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
其用意在于促使社会科学家把他们的工作与其他类别相结合，包括健康与人口变化；粮食安全；海洋研究与生物经济；清洁高效能源；以及包容、创新和安全的社会。
The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
解决办法是改变学术界的思维方式，以及它对自身主要目标的认识。全球性挑战和社会创新应当得到科学家，尤其是年轻科学家更多的关注。
Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
尽管存在这些因素，许多社会科学家似乎仍不愿着手解决这类问题。而在欧洲，一些人对一项提案表示强烈抗议，该提案要求取消社会科学研究的专门资助类别，将其并入可持续发展的跨领域课题之中。
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
科学家发现，尽管我们容易仓促地反应过度，但如果我们花点时间想一想自己可能会作何反应，就能减少甚至消除那些快速的、本能的反应所带来的负面影响。
Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.
在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者作出发现；编辑和审稿人通过掌控发表过程充当把关人；其他科学家利用新发现服务于自己的目的；最终，公众（包括其他科学家）接受这项新发现以及可能随之而来的技术。
Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.
在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者作出发现；编辑和审稿人通过掌控发表过程充当把关人；其他科学家利用新发现服务于自己的目的；最终，公众（包括其他科学家）接受这项新发现以及可能随之而来的技术。
has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
被同行科学家频繁引用。