student简单

High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany of extracurricular activities hoping to bolster their chances of admission to a selective undergraduate institution.

渴望在大学申请过程中脱颖而出的高中生常常参加一连串的课外活动，希望借此提高被一所择优录取的本科院校录取的机会。

Sue Rexford, the director of college guidance at the Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School, says it is not necessary for a student filling out the Common Application to list 10 activities in the application.

查尔斯·E·史密斯犹太走读学校的升学指导主任苏·雷克斯福德说，填写通用申请表的学生没有必要在申请中列出10项活动。

“No college will expect that a student has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have been passionately involved in each for an extended period of time,” Rexford wrote in an email.

雷克斯福德在一封电子邮件中写道：“没有哪所大学会期望一个学生拥有一长串课外活动，而且每一项都长期热情投入。”

Experts say it is tougher to distinguish oneself in a school-affiliated extracurricular activity that is common among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.

专家们说，在高中生中常见的校属课外活动中脱颖而出，比在一项不常见的活动中出类拔萃要难。

High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently often impress colleges, experts say.

专家们说，那些有一个令人印象深刻、独立开展的个人项目的高中生往往能给大学留下深刻印象。

“For example, a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skill and potential by starting a profitable small business,” Olivia Valdes, the founder of Zen Admissions consulting firm, wrote in an email.

禅意招生咨询公司创始人奥利维亚·巴尔德斯在一封电子邮件中写道：“例如，一个对创业感兴趣的学生可以通过创办一家盈利的小企业来展示自己的能力和潜力。”

Joseph Adegboyega-Edun, a Maryland high school guidance counselor, says unconventional extracurricular activities can help students impress college admissions offices, assuming they demonstrated serious commitment.

马里兰州的一位高中升学指导顾问约瑟夫·阿德博耶加-埃敦说，非常规的课外活动可以帮助学生给大学招生办留下深刻印象，前提是他们表现出了认真的投入。

“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them to visualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community.”

“学生需要具备那种能吸引招生官的特质或亮点，让招生官能够想象这名学生入学后会如何丰富他们的校园社区。”

“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them to visualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community.”

“学生需要具备那种能吸引招生官的特质或亮点，让招生官能够想象这名学生入学后会如何丰富他们的校园社区。”

High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through an extracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship, says Erica Gwyn, a former math and science magnet program assistant at a public high school who is now executive director of the Kaleidoscope Careers Academy in Atlanta, a nonprofit organization.

埃丽卡·格温说，通过课外活动对所在社区产生了强大积极影响的高中生可能会给大学留下深刻印象并赢得奖学金。她曾是一所公立高中数理特色项目的助理，现任亚特兰大非营利组织万花筒职业学院的执行主任。

Students who stand out in a specific extracurricular activity will be favored by top-tier institutions.

在某一项特定课外活动中表现突出的学生会受到顶尖院校的青睐。

Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.

课外活动使所在社区受益的学生很可能获得奖学金。

A student who exhibits abilities in doing business can impress colleges.

展示出经商能力的学生能给大学留下深刻印象。

High school students participating in a popular activity should excel in it.

参加热门活动的高中生应该在其中出类拔萃。

Engaging in uncommon activities can demonstrate students’ determination and dedication.

参加不常见的活动可以展示学生的决心和投入。

It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study at college.

学生最好选择与其将来大学学习相关的课外活动。

Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.

这类辩论反映出美国乃至全世界正在进行的激烈讨论，因为研究人员、政策制定者、教师和学生都在加紧要求学校更加重视讲授有关气候变化的事实。

As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.

在新一批学生填写本科申请表、权衡各种选择之际，或许值得思考一下：学位的意义、目的和价值究竟发生了怎样的变化，以及Z世代在开启教育旅程的第三阶段时需要考虑些什么。

The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences.

我所在大学的动物学专业吸引了这样一些学生：参观动物园是他们关键的成长经历，正是这一经历促使他们主修生物科学。

These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks.

这些学生大多在童年时没有机会去荒野地区、野生动物保护区或国家公园。

They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.

据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格贝尔说，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生对这一话题的态度多变且不稳定；这种行为很容易衡量；伦理学文献大体上认同少吃肉是好的，因为这能减少环境危害和动物痛苦。

Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.

在四个大型哲学班中，一半学生阅读了一篇关于工厂化养殖肉类伦理问题的文章，可选择性地观看了一段关于该话题的11分钟视频，并参加了50分钟的讨论。

Then, unbeknownst to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester — nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

然后，在学生不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们那学期匿名化处理后的饭卡消费记录——近500名学生的近14,000张收据。

Then, unbeknownst to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester — nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

然后，在学生不知情的情况下，研究人员研究了他们那学期匿名化处理后的饭卡消费记录——近500名学生的近14,000张收据。

But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent — and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks.

但在讨论过肉类伦理的学生受试者中，含肉餐食的购买比例从52%降到了45%——而且这一效果在为期数周的研究期间一直保持稳定。

Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure.

现在，研究人员正在探究教学风格、助教的饮食习惯以及学生观看视频的情况各自产生的具体影响。

It is common among students.

它在学生中很普遍。

It is important to students’ health.

它对学生的健康很重要。

are seldom critical of their students.

很少批评他们的学生

Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’ change in behavior ____

埃里克·施维茨格贝尔猜测，学生行为的改变____

There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.

首先是增长速度：(48) 在许多西欧国家，20世纪60年代高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番，到70年代中期又在七年、八年或十年内再次翻番。

And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution — this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.

而如果研究生人数也迅速增长，教师和学生之间失去了紧密的师徒关系，学生文化就会成为新研究生社会化的主要力量，并对院校的智识和学术生活产生影响——这种情况在美国以及法国、意大利、西德和日本都出现过。

And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution — this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.

而如果研究生人数也迅速增长，教师和学生之间失去了紧密的师徒关系，学生文化就会成为新研究生社会化的主要力量，并对院校的智识和学术生活产生影响——这种情况在美国以及法国、意大利、西德和日本都出现过。

And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution — this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.

而如果研究生人数也迅速增长，教师和学生之间失去了紧密的师徒关系，学生文化就会成为新研究生社会化的主要力量，并对院校的智识和学术生活产生影响——这种情况在美国以及法国、意大利、西德和日本都出现过。

And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution — this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.

而如果研究生人数也迅速增长，教师和学生之间失去了紧密的师徒关系，学生文化就会成为新研究生社会化的主要力量，并对院校的智识和学术生活产生影响——这种情况在美国以及法国、意大利、西德和日本都出现过。

(50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.

(50) 高增长率增加了学术创新的机会；但也削弱了在稳定或缓慢增长时期教师和学生得以进入学者共同体的形式和过程。

In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.

在20世纪60年代和70年代，欧洲大学的治理安排发生了显著变化，初级教员被赋予了权力，学生在某种程度上也是如此。

Their ratings correlated strongly with students’ end-of-semester ratings.

他们的评分与学生期末的评分高度相关。

College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.

当大学生不被要求分析自己的理由时，他们对草莓酱和大学课程的评分与专家意见更加一致。

College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.

当大学生不被要求分析自己的理由时，他们对草莓酱和大学课程的评分与专家意见更加一致。

instructor-student interaction.

师生互动。

In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose).

与此同时，在2019年对佐治亚大学学生进行的一项调查中，就业指导办公室发现，学生最希望未来雇主具备的特质是能够提供稳定的工作（其次是职业发展和培训，然后是鼓舞人心的目标）。

Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades — is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.

分数膨胀——过去几十年来平均GPA（平均绩点）的逐步上升——常被认为是高等教育消费时代的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作需要取悦的顾客。

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.

成绩豁免允许学生重修一门得了低分的课程，并且在计算学生的总GPA时，只有最近一次的成绩或最高的成绩才算数。

Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.

成绩豁免允许学生重修一门得了低分的课程，并且在计算学生的总GPA时，只有最近一次的成绩或最高的成绩才算数。

The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.

近年来，这一鲜为人知的做法的使用越来越普遍，因为大学一直在竭尽全力留住学生（并让他们继续缴纳学费），同时提高毕业率。

But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

但如今，除了许多选拔严格的学校外，大多数大学都允许所有本科生甚至研究生的低分得到豁免。

College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.

大学官员还往往强调，成绩豁免的目的与其说是成绩本身，不如说是鼓励学生重修那些对其学位课程和毕业至关重要的课程，而不必因此受到严重惩罚。

“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

俄亥俄州立大学教务主任杰克·迈纳说：“最终，我们看到学生取得了更大的成功，因为他们重修了一门课程，在后续课程中表现更好，或者掌握了能让他们按时毕业的内容。”

For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.

对公立院校来说，州政府的拨款有时部分取决于它们在毕业率和学生保留率等指标上的表现——因此，更好的成绩可以通过提升这类数据而带来更多资金。

And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill — feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

而任何能提高GPA的做法都可能让学生——他们毕竟是付钱的人——觉得自己交的学费更值，这是大学关心的另一件大事。

Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be.

既然学生和家长都期望大学学位能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来合格——就最符合学校的利益。

On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.

在这一点上，学生和大学的动机似乎是一致的。

Students’ indifference to GPAs.

学生对GPA的漠不关心。

boost their student enrollments.

提高招生人数。

Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.

职业学校应当更好地培养学生解决问题的能力，并帮助他们与机器人协同工作。

In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students’ willingness to [expose] themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.

在一系列共四项实验中，芝加哥大学和威斯康星商学院的行为科学家测试了学生为满足好奇心而让自己暴露于不愉快刺激之下的意愿。

Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.

有27名学生被告知哪些笔带电；另外27名学生只被告知其中一些笔带电。

[When] left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would [happen].

当被单独留在房间里时，那些不知道哪些笔会电到自己的学生比知道会发生什么的学生按动了更多的笔，也遭受了更多的电击。

[When] left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would [happen].

当被单独留在房间里时，那些不知道哪些笔会电到自己的学生比知道会发生什么的学生按动了更多的笔，也遭受了更多的电击。

It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.

奇怪的是，斯蒂芬·科齐亚泰克几乎觉得他必须为自己给学生创造更好未来所做的努力进行辩护。

When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?

从什么时候起，学生应该能说出美国第13任总统的名字、却对一条断了的自行车链束手无策，竟成了公认的道理？

Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.

强迫学生坐在一张满是涂鸦、粘着历届学生丢弃的口香糖的课桌前学习几何，未必能有什么收获。

A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of ____

提到断了的自行车链是为了说明学生缺乏____

While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students.

尽管研究人员以为，在执行任务方面，安排周密的每日计划会最有效，但他们错了：详细的每日计划反而打击了学生的积极性。

students are hardly motivated by monthly goals.

月度目标几乎无法激励学生。

Alongside that, (48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.

与此同时，(48) 许多国家正在把英语引入小学课程，但英国的中小学生和大学生似乎并没有得到更多鼓励去流利掌握其他语言。

As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.

随着国际教育市场的扩大，近来在主要英语国家学习的国际学生人数增长放缓的情况可能会持续下去，尤其是在没有有效的战略政策来防止这种下滑的情况下。

Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.

如今，要求立即上大学的普遍社会压力，再加上在这个快速变化的世界里日益提高的期望，常常使学生完全忽略了间隔年的可能性。

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.

来自美国和澳大利亚的研究表明，休过间隔年的学生通常比没有休过的学生对大学准备得更充分，在大学里表现得也更好。

Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.

间隔年非但没有拖学生的后腿，反而通过让他们为独立、新的责任和环境变化做好准备而推动他们前进——这些都是大一新生往往最难应对的事情。

Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.

间隔年非但没有拖学生的后腿，反而通过让他们为独立、新的责任和环境变化做好准备而推动他们前进——这些都是大一新生往往最难应对的事情。

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.

根据美国国家教育统计中心的数据，近80%的大学生最终至少更换过一次专业。

This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of the vast academic possibilities that await them in college.

这并不奇怪，因为高中基础必修课程让学生对大学里等待着他们的广阔学术可能性知之甚少。

Many students find themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes.

许多学生在大学申请中填报了一个专业，但在上了大学课程后又转到了另一个专业。

keep students from being unrealistic.

使学生不至于不切实际。

A gap year may save money for students by helping them ____

间隔年可能通过帮助学生____而为他们省钱

Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.

罗斯先生招收了三名社区大学的学生参加一个实习项目，起薪为每小时13美元，两年后涨到17美元。

Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学学院助理院长汤姆·科尔蒂纳说，没有经验的学生在上过几门入门课程后就能赶上来。

It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.

对他们来说，转变思维过程并不像对年龄较大的学生那样困难。

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.

学生在上大学之前学一些编程知识也有好处，因为大学里的计算机科学入门课人满为患，这可能会把经验较少或决心不足的学生赶走。

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.

学生在上大学之前学一些编程知识也有好处，因为大学里的计算机科学入门课人满为患，这可能会把经验较少或决心不足的学生赶走。

For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

例如，学生们正在开发的一款应用程序能根据你的心情推荐电影。

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.

熨斗学校班上的学生大概不会从高中辍学去打造下一个脸书。

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.

的确，熨斗学校的学生可能根本不会进入信息技术行业。

help students learn other computer languages.

帮助学生学习其他计算机语言。

need improving when students look for jobs.

在学生找工作时需要改进。

enable students to make big quick money.

让学生快速赚大钱。

According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ____

根据最后一段，熨斗学校的学生有望____

For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.

多年来，研究发现，第一代大学生——即父母都没有大学学位的学生——在一系列教育成就指标上落后于其他学生。

For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.

多年来，研究发现，第一代大学生——即父母都没有大学学位的学生——在一系列教育成就指标上落后于其他学生。

But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.

但由于这类学生如果在高等教育中取得成功，最有可能在经济上实现提升，因此几十年来各高校一直在努力招收更多这样的学生。

This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。

But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.

但这篇文章实际上相当乐观，因为它概述了解决这一问题的一个可能方案，提出一种方法（包括一个时长一小时、几乎零成本的项目）可以将第一代大学生与其他学生之间的成就差距（以成绩等因素衡量）缩小63%。

The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.

论文作者来自不同的大学，他们的结论基于对一所未具名私立大学的147名（完成该项目的）学生进行的研究。

Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

大多数第一代大学生（59.1%）获得了佩尔助学金——一种面向经济困难本科生的联邦助学金，而在父母至少一方拥有四年制学位的学生中，这一比例仅为8.6%。

Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

大多数第一代大学生（59.1%）获得了佩尔助学金——一种面向经济困难本科生的联邦助学金，而在父母至少一方拥有四年制学位的学生中，这一比例仅为8.6%。

Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.

他们的论点——相对温和的干预可以产生巨大影响——基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最缺乏的可能不是潜力，而是如何应对大多数大学生所面临问题的实用知识。

Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.

他们的论点——相对温和的干预可以产生巨大影响——基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最缺乏的可能不是潜力，而是如何应对大多数大学生所面临问题的实用知识。

Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write.

他们写道，许多第一代大学生“难以适应高等教育中的中产阶级文化，难以学会‘游戏规则’，也难以利用大学资源”。

And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students.

而当大学不谈论不同学生群体在阶层上的优势和劣势时，这个问题就变得更加严重。

“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”

“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”

“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”

“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”

“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”

“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”

Recruiting more first-generation students has ____

招收更多第一代大学生____

depressed college students.

使大学生感到沮丧。

their findings appeal to students.

他们的发现吸引了学生。

The study suggests that most first-generation students ____

研究表明，大多数第一代大学生____

The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students ____

论文作者认为第一代大学生____

can have a potential influence on other students.

能对其他学生产生潜在影响。

students are usually to blame for their lack of resources.

学生通常应为自己缺乏资源负责。

The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.

最优秀的律师赚得盆满钵满，吸引越来越多的学生涌入法学院。

Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.

另一种主张是让学生在法学院只读两年就可以参加律师资格考试。

Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

不需要额外培训的学生可以把堆积如山的债务减少三分之一。

A lot of students take up law as their profession due to ____

许多学生以法律为职业是由于____

To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.

为鼓励创新与竞争，报告呼吁增加科研投入，制定连贯的课程以提高学生在21世纪解决问题和有效沟通的能力，增加对教师的资助，并鼓励学者运用自己的学识应对当今的重大挑战。

According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

根据《2010年世界社会科学报告》，自2000年以来，全球社会科学专业学生的人数每年增长约11%。

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.

家庭作业从来都不太受学生甚至许多家长的欢迎，但近年来它尤其遭人鄙夷。

Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.

遗憾的是，洛杉矶联合学区出台了一项僵化的政策，规定除部分高级课程外，家庭作业在学生学业成绩中所占比重不得超过10%。

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.

这项规定旨在解决来自贫困或混乱家庭的学生在完成作业时可能遇到的困难。

Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment.

当然，不应布置学生无法独立完成或没有昂贵设备就做不了的作业。

But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

但如果学区实际上是对那些因家庭生活复杂而不做作业的学生网开一面，那就危险地接近于暗示需要为贫困儿童降低标准了。

But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.

但由于作业在成绩中占比不超过10%，学生可以轻易地少做一半作业，而成绩单上几乎看不出差别。

Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?

有些学生可能不完成作业也能在州统考中考得好，但那些考得好而且也做了作业的学生又怎么说呢？

Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?

有些学生可能不完成作业也能在州统考中考得好，但那些考得好而且也做了作业的学生又怎么说呢？

Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

然而，这项政策没有授权老师去寻找最适合自己学生的方法，而是强加了一条一刀切的统一规定。

If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing.

如果学区认为家庭作业对学生的学业成就不重要，就应当着手减少或取消作业，而不是让作业几乎不计分。

Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they’re willing to review and correct.

同时，这项政策也丝毫没有确保学生拿到的作业有意义、适合其年龄和学科，也没有确保老师布置的作业不超过他们愿意批改的量。

L.A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students ____

洛杉矶联合学区制定这项作业规定，主要是因为贫困学生____

result in students’ indifference to their report cards.

导致学生对成绩单漠不关心。

discourage students from doing homework.

使学生不愿做作业。

A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students.

一项受贫困学生欢迎的政策。

The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.

《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本精妙而睿智的小书，每一个打算申请攻读博士学位的学生都应该读一读。

No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.

没有哪个学科像人文学科这样热衷于专业化。梅南先生指出，你可以用三年成为律师，用四年成为医生。但在人文学科获得博士学位的正常时间却是九年。毫不奇怪，多达一半的英语专业博士生在获得学位前就退学了。

Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。

Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。

Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。