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- n. 创始人，发起人未考
n. 作者，作家，著作人139 次
“Through their DNA, the animals are telling their history themselves,” co-author Samantha Brooks, an equine researcher at the University of Florida, says in a statement.
“通过它们的DNA，这些动物在亲自讲述自己的历史，”论文合著者、佛罗里达大学马科动物研究员萨曼莎·布鲁克斯在一份声明中说。
“Donkeys are champions when it comes to carrying stuff and are good at going at deserts,” co-author Ludovic Orlando, an evolutionary biologist at Paul Sabin University in France, tells the publication.
“说到驮运东西，驴是佼佼者，而且它们擅长在沙漠中行走，”论文合著者、法国保罗·萨巴蒂埃大学的进化生物学家卢多维克·奥兰多对该刊物表示。
Not only does understanding the equines’ genetic makeup help reveal their contribution to human history, but it also might improve their management in the future, as climate change alters the planet’s environment, write the authors.
作者们写道，了解这种马科动物的基因构成不仅有助于揭示它们对人类历史的贡献，而且随着气候变化改变地球环境，还可能改善未来对它们的管理。
The authors think that their research could help with ____
作者们认为，他们的研究可能有助于____
The author concludes the text by emphasizing that California should strive to ____
作者在文章结尾强调，加州应努力____
In the last paragraph, the author intends to express the opinion that ____
在最后一段，作者想要表达的观点是____
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What was the author commissioned to do about English public libraries?
作者受委托对英格兰公共图书馆做什么？
According to Paragraphs 3&4, the author finds that libraries ____
根据第3、4段，作者发现图书馆____
The author holds that the future of street festivals depends on ____
作者认为街头节庆的未来取决于____
The author expressed great surprise at some scientists’ ____
作者对一些科学家的____深感惊讶
The author believes that carbon emissions from research ____
作者认为研究产生的碳排放____
Which of the following statements would the author agree with?
作者会同意下列哪种说法？
The author mentions the artifacts from the past to ____
作者提到过去的物品是为了____
A children’s author and poet who had become a keen amateur photographer, Peters watched the butterflies and idly wondered if he could capture them in flight. It swiftly became an obsession as he recovered from a successful operation to remove the cancer. In recent summers, he has travelled the length and breadth of Britain to photograph all 58 native species of butterfly. Now the fruits of those summers have been published in a beautiful new book.
彼得斯是一位儿童作家和诗人，后来成了一名热心的业余摄影师。他看着那些蝴蝶，随意地想自己能否拍下它们飞行的样子。在成功切除癌症的手术后康复期间，这个念头很快变成了一种痴迷。最近几个夏天，他走遍英国各地，拍摄了全部58种本土蝴蝶。如今，这几个夏天的成果已汇编成一本精美的新书出版。
To maximise the nation’s health, the author suggests ____
为最大限度提升国民健康，作者建议____
How does the author feel about future of the Chesapeake Bay?
作者对切萨皮克湾的未来有何感受？
The author holds that the state lawmakers should ____
作者认为各州立法者应该____
With regard to Coyle’s concern, the author suggests ____
针对科伊尔的担忧，作者建议____
What does the author imply about existing health privacy law?
关于现有的健康隐私法，作者暗示了什么？
In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers.
与此同时，企鹅兰登书屋的作者们成了输家。
Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.
企鹅兰登书屋的知名作者或许会受到一点影响，但真正会祈祷这场纠纷早日结束的，是那些中等销量的作者，他们通常依靠水石书店员工推广不太知名作家作品的热情。
Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.
企鹅兰登书屋的知名作者或许会受到一点影响，但真正会祈祷这场纠纷早日结束的，是那些中等销量的作者，他们通常依靠水石书店员工推广不太知名作家作品的热情。
It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster — the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.
此事发生之时，作者们本已在担忧企鹅兰登书屋与另一家大型出版商西蒙与舒斯特拟议合并的后果——英国独立出版商数量的减少很可能导致竞价战减少、预付稿酬降低，以及出版内容更加趋同。
“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.
“出版业谈论作者和员工方面的多样性，但它也需要以多元的方式来传递思想交流、选择和不同的声音。
The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present ____
作者在第1段提到两本书是为了呈现____
Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.
水石书店员工对推广知名作者的书犹豫不决。
Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
引用联盟——期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引用次数——已经存在很长时间了。
In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.
2016年，研究人员开发了一种算法来识别可疑的引用模式，包括过度相互引用的作者群体，以及为提高各自刊物影响因子而频繁互引的期刊群体。
Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
最近，这种掠夺性行为出现了另一种表现形式：为个人作者和期刊提供语言及其他编辑支持的所谓支持服务咨询公司，有时会建议投稿人在文章中添加若干引用。
The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals.
电子出版的出现以及作者为论文寻找发表渠道的需求，催生了数以千计的新期刊。
In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.
在一个例子中，一个人身兼作者、编辑和顾问三职，竟能利用至少15种期刊为三所大学的五位科学家发表的文章提供引用。
And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
对于希望远离引用联盟活动的作者来说：当编辑、审稿人或支持服务机构要求你添加不恰当的参考文献时，不要照办，并且一定要向期刊举报这一要求。
ask authors to include extra citations.
要求作者加入额外的引用。
boost citation counts for certain authors.
提高某些作者的被引次数。
What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?
作者应该怎样对付引用操纵者？
The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. While some locals opposed to the designation, the decision was largely accepted — and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images,” says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.
事实证明，该法案广受欢迎，以压倒性多数顺利在国会通过。1872年初，参众两院相继迅速通过了保护黄石的立法。当年3月，尤利西斯·S·格兰特总统签署了一项法案，使其成为法律，从而将黄石确立为世界上第一个国家公园。尽管一些当地人反对这一认定，但这一决定在很大程度上被接受了——杰克逊的照片在保护该地区的斗争中发挥了关键作用。“我认为，如果没有那些图像，法律保护不会在那样的时间内实现，”记者希瑟·汉森说，她是《先知与大亨、护林员与无赖、野牛与熊：国家公园管理局100年》一书的作者。
Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it [differs] so greatly from that of animals that so-called [evidence] of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
作者写道，植物生物学复杂而迷人，但它与动物生物学差异如此之大，以至于所谓植物具有智能的证据并不确凿。
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have [argued] that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, [forming] “a plant nervous system, [analogous] to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They [even] claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
该研究的第一作者林肯·泰兹说：“从2006年开始，一些科学家就主张植物拥有与激素和神经递质相互作用的类神经元细胞，从而构成‘一个类似于动物神经系统的植物神经系统’，他们甚至声称植物的根尖处有‘类似大脑的指挥中心’。”
The author thinks that preservation of plastics is ____
作者认为塑料的保存____
The author suggests that Generation Z should ____
作者建议Z世代应该____
The author considers it a good sign that ____
作者认为____是一个好迹象
What does the author say about CAVS?
关于CAVS，作者说了什么？
In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations ____.
在最后一段，作者认为艺术与科学的合作____。
[Remember] that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.
要记住，大多数畅销书作家都是在靠做其他事情谋生时开始写作的。
They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.
据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格贝尔说，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生对这一话题的态度多变且不稳定；这种行为很容易衡量；伦理学文献大体上认同少吃肉是好的，因为这能减少环境危害和动物痛苦。
Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role.
他认为，最不能打动人的是理性论证，尽管他的合著者说理性可能发挥了更大的作用。
The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passenger fares _____
作者认为今年铁路客运票价的上涨_____
According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ____
根据第1段，作者在推特上发布的帖子____
What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
关于自己收集的维多利亚时代肖像照，作者说了什么？
What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
作者在最后一段主张什么？
“There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.
“有实验表明，面试结果自然而然地比人工智能的结果带有更多偏见，”《终极算法：机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界》一书的作者、华盛顿大学计算机科学教授佩德罗·多明戈斯说。
The author’s attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is ____
作者对英国粮食自给自足的态度是____
The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ____
作者认为，称号持有者只有在____时才算成功
What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?
作者对这项提议持什么态度？
How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
作者对Sci-Hub的成功有何看法？
The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will ____
作者认为，刘易斯和哈达德发起的法案将____
The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate ____
作者提到Catalyst的研究是为了说明____
The author believes that the extension of London’s Ulez will ____
作者认为，伦敦超低排放区的扩展将会____
Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?
作者认为谁本应解决这个问题？
The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ______
作者审视成绩豁免这一做法的方式是______
Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
甚至在电灯泡发明之前，这位作者就创作出了一部非凡的推想小说，预示了未来技术将会引发的许多伦理问题。
The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ______
作者对谷歌承诺的态度是______
In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ______
在论述最高法院周四的裁决时，作者______
By saying "one of the harder challenges," the author implies that ____
作者说“一项较为艰巨的挑战”，暗示____
The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as ____
作者对加州计划的态度最好描述为____
The author is concerned that "moral licensing" may ____
作者担心“道德许可”可能会____
By pointing out our identity as "citizens," the author indicates that ____
通过指出我们作为“公民”的身份，作者表明____
The author concludes that individual efforts ____
作者得出结论，个人努力____
Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed.
像大多数作家一样，他一路上不得不经历许多失望和退稿，但这些反而让他更加坚定了成功的决心。
Which of the following best represents the author’s view?
下列哪一项最能代表作者的观点？
The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ____
作者建议税收政策应旨在____
In this text, the author presents a problem with ____
在本文中，作者提出了一个问题，并给出了____
The author argues in Paragraph 2 that ____
作者在第2段中认为____
The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is ____
作者对人工智能应用于医疗保健的态度是____
In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with ____
在最后一段中，作者看待立法者的态度似乎是____
(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
(50) 要认识到当时戏剧活动之盛，我们还必须记住，大量剧本已经失传，而且恐怕没有哪一位知名作家的全部作品都流传了下来。
The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as ____
作者对科齐亚泰克的学校的态度可以描述为____
According to the author, competition law ____
根据作者的观点，竞争法____
To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a habit of “deep work” — the ability to focus without distraction.
为了摆脱过分看重忙碌的陷阱，《深度工作：在纷扰世界中专注成功的法则》一书的作者卡尔·纽波特建议养成“深度工作”的习惯——即不受干扰地集中注意力的能力。
Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.
《混乱：无序改变生活的力量》一书的作者蒂姆·哈福德提到20世纪80年代初的一项研究，该研究把大学生分成两组：一组被建议制定每月的目标和学习活动；另一组则被要求逐日、更加详细地规划活动和目标。
The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of ____
作者对选择莫纳克亚山作为三十米望远镜场址的态度是____
In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that ____
在最后两段中，作者暗示____
The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is ____
作者对法院裁决的态度是____
The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to____
作者认为伦敦奥运会的“遗产”未能____
With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should ____
关于大众体育，作者认为政府应该____
The author’s attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is ____
作者对英国政府在体育方面所作所为的态度是____
The author holds that George Osborne’s preference ____
作者认为，乔治·奥斯本的偏好____
In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of ____
在最后一段中，作者表达了对____的赞赏。
The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with ____
作者对米尔顿·弗里德曼关于企业社会责任的论断持____态度。
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors [attribute] to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less [experienced] managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”
快乐与投资之间的相关性在较年轻的公司中尤为明显，作者将此{{13}}于“不那么成文化的决策过程”以及可能存在的“更年轻、更缺乏{{14}}、更容易受情绪影响的管理者”。
[While] this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least [hints] at that possibility.
{{17}}这并不能证明快乐会使公司投资更多或着眼更长远，但作者认为它至少{{18}}了这种可能性。
The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of ____
作者对加州论点的态度是____
The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to ____
作者认为，查看一个人的手机内容相当于____
In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that ____
在第5、6段中，作者表达了他的担忧：____
The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence ____
作者认为丽贝卡·布鲁克斯的辩护____
The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows ____
作者认为当前普遍的信条体现了____
In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
实际上，你会努力重构任何一个句子、意象或指涉可能具有的意义或效果：这些可能正是作者所意图的。
You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity — inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
你会作进一步的推断，例如，推断这篇文本对你可能有何意义，或者推断它是否站得住脚——这些推断构成了个人反应的基础，而作者对这种反应的责任必然要小得多。
In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物是作为作者创造的构建物来说话的，而不一定是作者自身思想的传声筒。
In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
在戏剧、小说和叙事诗中，人物是作为作者创造的构建物来说话的，而不一定是作者自身思想的传声筒。
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.
论文作者来自不同的大学，他们的结论基于对一所未具名私立大学的147名（完成该项目的）学生进行的研究。
They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.
他们引用了几位作者以往的研究，以表明要缩小成就差距，就必须缩小这方面的差距。
The authors of the research article are optimistic because ____
这篇研究文章的作者感到乐观，是因为____
The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students ____
论文作者认为第一代大学生____
To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
作者最有可能同意下列哪一项？
In this text, the author mainly discusses ____
在本文中，作者主要讨论____
The author believes that the new awards are ____
作者认为这些新奖项____
According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?
根据第1段，作者对美国艺术与科学院的报告持什么态度？
The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are ____
作者在第5段暗示教授们____
Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.
并非所有人都会认同作者的政策主张，这些主张从强制规定更多假期到减少对美国购房者的税收优惠，不一而足。
The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ____
作者对美国人看电视的态度是____
And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
然而，《拉动的力量》等书的作者约翰·黑格尔说，布林约尔松和麦卡菲没有看到这些工作从一开始就如此容易受到技术冲击的原因。
The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ____
《与机器赛跑》的作者认为____
The author believes that the housing sector ____
作者认为住房行业____
The author believes that after 2015, the government may ____
作者认为2015年以后，政府可能会____
The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ____
作者对布伦登·林奇在博客中所说的话持____态度
In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog.
在一篇题为《在美国成功》的文章中，作者亚当·戴维森讲了一个来自产棉区的笑话，说明现代纺织厂的自动化程度究竟有多高：如今一家普通的纺织厂只有两名雇员，“一个人和一条狗。
According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ____
作者认为，要减少失业，最重要的是____
According to the author, today’s birds of passage want ____
作者认为，当今的“候鸟”想要____
The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ____
作者建议，对待当今的“候鸟”应该____
The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is ____
作者对扭转求快趋势的态度是____
The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of ____
作者对雷丁呼吁的态度是____
In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to ____
在作者看来，罗森伯格的书未能____
The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is ____
作者在最后一段暗示，同伴压力的效果是____
In the author's view, the Vermont case will test ____
在作者看来，佛蒙特案将检验____
By saying “it is...the rainbow” (Para.1), the author means pink ____
作者说“它是……彩虹”（第1段），意思是粉色____
The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by ____
作者暗示，我们对儿童心理发展的认识在很大程度上受到____的影响
By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Para. 6), the author means that ____
作者说“每场会议都座无虚席”（第6段），意思是____
Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is ____
总的来说，作者对基因专利的态度是____
By saying “to find silver linings” (Para.2) the author suggests that the jobless try to ____
作者说“寻找一线希望”（第2段），意在表明失业者努力____
The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ____
作者认为艰难时期对社会的影响是____
The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory.
浪漫主义者纪念他们那个时代的杰出画家和作家，强调的是艺术家个人经历的独特性，而非公众荣耀。
By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
相比之下，维多利亚时代的作家塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯写了《自助》一书，记录了工程师、实业家和探险家们可敬的人生。
The author believes that the devoted concertgoers ____
作者认为，忠实的音乐会听众____
Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels ____
关于吉尔伯特在振兴爱乐乐团中的作用，作者感到____
The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media ____
作者在第3段指出，赢得媒体____
The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is ____
作者对外部董事作用的态度是____
By saying “Newspapers like...their own doom” (Para.1), the author indicates that newspapers ____
作者通过第一段中“像……这样的报纸正在记录着自己的末日”一句表明，报纸____
Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ____
关于欧盟的未来，作者似乎感到____