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大纲外大纲词表没有列出、但真题里用到的意思。 派生由这个词构成的派生词、合成词的意思。
n. 种类，等级，阶级28 次
His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time.
他在威灵顿勋爵司令部中的地位以及他的工作所获得的认可，都与当时军队中的阶级政治密切相关。
(47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
(47) 而且，这些社会中兴起的接受高等教育的需求扩展到了战前从未想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
中产阶级面临的诸多恼人挑战中，有一项很可能在下一届总统竞选中无人提及：当机器人来抢他们的饭碗时，会发生什么？
About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
根据牛津大学的一项研究，美国约有一半的工作面临被自动化取代的高风险，而中产阶级受到的挤压格外严重。
But many middle-class occupations — trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will.
但许多中产阶级职业——卡车运输、财务咨询、软件工程——已经引起了它们的兴趣，或者很快就会引起。
But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
但在中期内，中产阶级工人可能需要大量帮助来进行调整。
展开其余 22 条收起
Middle-class workers.
中产阶级工人。
These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical.
这些新形式起初主要由学者创作、由业余演员表演，但在英国，正如在西欧其他各地一样，职业演员阶层的壮大正使戏剧趋于大众化，无论它是新是旧，是古典的还是中世纪的，是文学性的还是闹剧性的。
In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face.
换句话说，在工人阶级因曾经代表美国的机遇正在消失而沮丧、并在政治上把这个国家搅得天翻地覆之际，一个显而易见的解决办法就摆在我们面前。
There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them.
工人阶级的工作岗位存在缺口，但最需要这些工作的工人却不具备胜任的能力。
may narrow the gap in working-class jobs.
可能缩小工人阶级工作岗位的缺口。
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.”
另一方面，特罗尼克本人担心，对孩子使用屏幕的忧虑源于一种“要求父母应该始终与孩子互动的压迫性观念”：“这种观念有点脱离现实，非常白人化，非常中上阶层化，它认为如果你没能让孩子接触到三万个单词，你就是在忽视他们。”
“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said.
“尽管我父母没有大学学位，我仍然是在一个中上阶层家庭里长大的，”施耐德说。
Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
诸如我们阅读时所处的地点和时代，以及我们的性别、民族、年龄和社会阶层等因素，会促使我们倾向于某些解读，但同时也会遮蔽甚至排除其他解读。
This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.
根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。
Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write.
他们写道，许多第一代大学生“难以适应高等教育中的中产阶级文化，难以学会‘游戏规则’，也难以利用大学资源”。
And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students.
而当大学不谈论不同学生群体在阶层上的优势和劣势时，这个问题就变得更加严重。
“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”
“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”
universities often reject the culture of the middle-class.
大学常常排斥中产阶级文化。
social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences.
社会阶层极大地有助于丰富教育经历。
Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
戴维森的文章是近来出现的众多文章之一，这些文章都指出：如今失业率居高不下、中产阶级收入不断下降，很大程度上是由于大衰退导致需求大幅下滑，但也是由于全球化和信息技术革命的推进，它们正以前所未有的速度用机器或外国工人取代劳动力。
the decline of middle-class incomes.
中产阶级收入的下降。
Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name.
乔·布洛、乔·帕卢卡、乔·马格拉克……都是工人阶级的名字。
Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
反移民情绪通常会加剧，种族之间和阶级之间的冲突也是如此。
Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them — especially for young people.
事实上，这段经济疲软期可能会加深阶级分化，减少跨越阶级的机会——对年轻人来说尤其如此。
ease conflicts between races and classes.
缓和种族与阶级之间的冲突。
“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.
马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道：“至今一切社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”
The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.
公司在联邦集体诉讼中被列为被告的可能性也会增加，股票表现也可能更差。
n. （一节）课14 次
While books are, and should always be, at the heart of any library, a multitude of other services are offered: employment advice, language classes or digital access and support.
虽然书籍是、也应该永远是任何图书馆的核心，但图书馆还提供大量其他服务：就业咨询、语言课程，或数字接入与支持。
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher.
由科学家和教师组成的非营利团体——美国国家科学教育中心去年开展了一项研究，考察全国各州公立学校如何在科学课上讲授气候变化，结果只有勉强一半的州获得了B+或更高的评级。
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.
尽管伦理课在世界各地都很常见，但科学家们并不确定这些课程能否真正改变人的行为；无论支持还是反对，证据都很薄弱，要么依赖人为设计的实验室测试，要么依赖有时并不可靠的自我报告。
The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat.
研究人员调查了一堂课对吃肉行为的影响。
Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are ____
科学家们普遍认为，伦理课的效果____
It is a hot topic in ethics classes.
它是伦理课上的热门话题。
展开其余 8 条收起
Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start.
即使在最好的时候，重新开始锻炼也可能是一项挑战，而如今由于对新冠肺炎的担忧，许多人无法去健身房和参加线下健身课，要知道从哪里开始就更棘手了。
Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.
尽管步行本身就可以是一种锻炼，但如果你的目标是重新回到尊巴课、网球、骑行或任何其他活动，步行也是很好的第一步。
You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
你也可以参加直播或点播的健身课。
When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.
几十年前这种做法刚出现时，通常仅限于新生，目的是在他们难以适应大学水平的课程时，给他们在第一年再上一次某门课的机会。
Many students find themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes.
许多学生在大学申请中填报了一个专业，但在上了大学课程后又转到了另一个专业。
It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.
诚然，高中编程课对于在大学学习计算机科学并非必不可少。
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.
学生在上大学之前学一些编程知识也有好处，因为大学里的计算机科学入门课人满为患，这可能会把经验较少或决心不足的学生赶走。
But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.
但培养一支未来的程序员大军并不是这些课程的唯一目的。
n. 班级，年级2 次
Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.
在四个大型哲学班中，一半学生阅读了一篇关于工厂化养殖肉类伦理问题的文章，可选择性地观看了一段关于该话题的11分钟视频，并参加了50分钟的讨论。
The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.
熨斗学校班上的学生大概不会从高中辍学去打造下一个脸书。
n. 格调，品位，优雅大纲外2 次
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
露齿的笑（尤其是牙齿有缝隙或发黑时）显得缺乏格调：醉汉、流浪汉和杂耍剧场的演员可能会做鬼脸、咧嘴大笑，笑容宽得像刘易斯·卡罗尔笔下露出牙龈的柴郡猫，但对于有良好教养的人来说，这可不是得体的样子。
You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.
俗话说，品位是买不来的，这些暴发户企业家也无法为他们的奖项买来诺贝尔奖那样的声望。
a. （first-class）一流的；（邮件）一类的派生2 次
Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.
从根本上说，美国邮政署正处于前所未有的两面夹击之中：一方面，技术变革使其核心产品——一类邮件——的需求永久性下降；另一方面，监管体制使管理层无法灵活调整运营以适应新的现实。
attracting more first-class mail users.
吸引更多一类邮件用户。
v. 把…归类，把…列为大纲外1 次
The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words “classed as more sophisticated or rarer”, and wrote at greater length.
经同行评审的结果显示，实验组学生使用的词汇更广，用了“被归为更高级或更罕见”的词，而且写得更长。