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n. 学位38 次
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.
在新一批学生填写本科申请表、权衡各种选择之际，或许值得思考一下：学位的意义、目的和价值究竟发生了怎样的变化，以及Z世代在开启教育旅程的第三阶段时需要考虑些什么。
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life.
千禧一代曾被告知，如果你在学校表现出色、拿到一个像样的学位，你这辈子就有了保障。
As degrees became universal, they became devalued.
随着学位变得普及，它们也随之贬值。
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.
这并不是说获得学位毫无意义，而是要强调：学位并非适合每个人，从中学教室到大学讲堂的转变并非必然，而且还有其他选择。
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.
这并不是说获得学位毫无意义，而是要强调：学位并非适合每个人，从中学教室到大学讲堂的转变并非必然，而且还有其他选择。
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.
值得庆幸的是，已有迹象表明这种情况正在发生：Z世代正设法从他们的千禧一代前辈身上吸取经验，尽管家长和老师往往仍固守着学位至上的思维。
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Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
许多雇主也看到了取消某些职位学位要求的好处。
For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many.
对于那些把学位作为理想道路的人来说，要考虑到这很可能只是诸多学位中的第一个。
When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
当越来越多的人拥有一个学位时，拥有两个学位就是明智之举。
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: ‘I am a geographer’ or ‘I am a classicist’.
老一辈人常常用现在时和第一人称谈论自己的学位：“我是地理学家”或“我是古典学家”。
Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.
他们的子女绝不会说这样的话；仿佛他们早已知道，自己的学位不会以同样的方式定义他们。
the shrinking value of a degree.
学位价值的缩水
Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.
Z世代正设法获得一个像样的学位
employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees.
雇主对学位采取务实的态度
It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should ____
第5段建议拥有一个学位的人应该____
Degrees will no longer appeal to them.
学位将不再吸引他们
College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.
大学官员还往往强调，成绩豁免的目的与其说是成绩本身，不如说是鼓励学生重修那些对其学位课程和毕业至关重要的课程，而不必因此受到严重惩罚。
Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be.
既然学生和家长都期望大学学位能带来一份工作，那么培养出尽可能合格的毕业生——或者至少看起来合格——就最符合学校的利益。
But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all — and the subtle devaluing of anything less — misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs.
但是，一味推动人人都获得学士学位——以及对低于这一学历的一切的隐性贬低——忽略了重要的一点：这并不是美国经济唯一需要的东西。
Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors.
没错，学士学位能打开更多的大门。
The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all ____
一味推动人人获得学士学位____
“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said.
“尽管我父母没有大学学位，我仍然是在一个中上阶层家庭里长大的，”施耐德说。
His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.
他父母的好生活与大学学位关系不大。
For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.
多年来，研究发现，第一代大学生——即父母都没有大学学位的学生——在一系列教育成就指标上落后于其他学生。
First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.
第一代大学生被定义为父母都没有四年制大学学位的学生。
Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.
大多数第一代大学生（59.1%）获得了佩尔助学金——一种面向经济困难本科生的联邦助学金，而在父母至少一方拥有四年制学位的学生中，这一比例仅为8.6%。
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
在美国大多数州，成为律师只有一条路：先读一个四年制的不相关专业的本科学位，然后在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院之一攻读三年制法律学位，再花一大笔钱准备律师资格考试。
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
在美国大多数州，成为律师只有一条路：先读一个四年制的不相关专业的本科学位，然后在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院之一攻读三年制法律学位，再花一大笔钱准备律师资格考试。
One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.
一种主张是允许人们把法律作为本科学位来学习。
Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
攻读另一专业的学士学位。
A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree.
美国四分之一的公共部门雇员拥有大学学位。
The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
哥伦比亚大学经济学家蒂尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究表明，并非所有在衰退期毕业的人都会人生机遇黯淡：拥有名校学位的人能相当快地追赶上来，达到他们在经济较好时期毕业本应达到的水平；被甩在后面的是他们之下的普通大众。
The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.
《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本精妙而睿智的小书，每一个打算申请攻读博士学位的学生都应该读一读。
Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one.
专业化已使获得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件：而直到1969年，还有三分之一的美国教授没有博士学位。
No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
没有哪个学科像人文学科这样热衷于专业化。梅南先生指出，你可以用三年成为律师，用四年成为医生。但在人文学科获得博士学位的正常时间却是九年。毫不奇怪，多达一半的英语专业博士生在获得学位前就退学了。
No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
没有哪个学科像人文学科这样热衷于专业化。梅南先生指出，你可以用三年成为律师，用四年成为医生。但在人文学科获得博士学位的正常时间却是九年。毫不奇怪，多达一半的英语专业博士生在获得学位前就退学了。
Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。
n. 程度6 次
We are living through a golden age of science writing, so lucid and accessible that even lay readers can relish the unpredictability of discovery. Daunted by uncertainty? Stand in the shoes of scientists and witness the degree to which breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina. “We are never sure of anything,” says the physicist (and writer) Carlo Rovelli.
我们正处在科普写作的黄金时代，这些作品清晰易懂，就连外行读者也能尽情体会科学发现的不可预测性。被不确定性吓倒了吗？站在科学家的角度，见证突破在多大程度上源自意外、冲突和纯粹的精神毅力。“我们从来都不能确定任何事情，”物理学家（兼作家）卡洛·罗韦利说。
But the thing is, [whether] your self-worth really is being undermined is, to a large degree, subjective.
但问题是，你的自我价值是否真的受到了削弱，在很大程度上是主观的。
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was [coined] around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be [compared] to intelligence in animals.
植物具有某种程度意识的观点最早在21世纪初生根；“植物神经生物学”这一术语正是围绕这样一种观念而创造的：植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智能相比拟。
Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “hunches,” “my heart”).
然后，他们对自己使用直觉（“本能感觉”“预感”“我的内心”）的程度进行评分。
It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations.
要做好这一点很难，需要非凡的远见，也需要市政当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作。
And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well.
当人们对我的博客反响如此热烈时，我在某种程度上又有了那种感觉。
义项待标注1 次
In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
在20世纪60年代和70年代，欧洲大学的治理安排发生了显著变化，初级教员被赋予了权力，学生在某种程度上也是如此。