first简单

What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?

从前两段可以了解到关于鲁特科夫斯基的什么信息？

The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.

研究人员首先确定了大象在自由觅食时喜欢吃或会避开哪些种类的植物。

[Indeed], it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and [stock up on] supplies for their own journeys.

事实上，对于想要出售货物并为自己的旅程备足补给的商人来说，这里常常是第一站。

Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.

危险信号包括一篇文章在第一年内就获得大量引用。

The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. While some locals opposed to the designation, the decision was largely accepted — and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images,” says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.

事实证明，该法案广受欢迎，以压倒性多数顺利在国会通过。1872年初，参众两院相继迅速通过了保护黄石的立法。当年3月，尤利西斯·S·格兰特总统签署了一项法案，使其成为法律，从而将黄石确立为世界上第一个国家公园。尽管一些当地人反对这一认定，但这一决定在很大程度上被接受了——杰克逊的照片在保护该地区的斗争中发挥了关键作用。“我认为，如果没有那些图像，法律保护不会在那样的时间内实现，”记者希瑟·汉森说，她是《先知与大亨、护林员与无赖、野牛与熊：国家公园管理局100年》一书的作者。

The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.

面临风险的塑料物品种类多得令人眼花缭乱：早期的收音机、先锋派雕塑、迪士尼电影的赛璐珞动画剧照、第一颗人造心脏。

For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many.

对于那些把学位作为理想道路的人来说，要考虑到这很可能只是诸多学位中的第一个。

It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns ____

从前两段可以得知，暗黑模式____

Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.

尽管步行本身就可以是一种锻炼，但如果你的目标是重新回到尊巴课、网球、骑行或任何其他活动，步行也是很好的第一步。

According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ____

根据前两段，CCT计划旨在____

“If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos.

“如果等它们先出故障再去修，代价会非常高，”多明戈斯说。

There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.

首先是增长速度：(48) 在许多西欧国家，20世纪60年代高等教育的学生人数在五年内翻了一番，到70年代中期又在七年、八年或十年内再次翻番。

But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.

但它是一个主张先探究后果的论点。

We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.

我们相当擅长根据第一印象来判断他人，这些第一印象是从瞥一眼照片到五分钟互动不等的经验“薄片”，而深思熟虑不仅可能是多余的，甚至可能是干扰。

Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest.

正如预期的那样，凭直觉行事损害了他们在前四项任务中的表现，而在其余任务中则有所帮助。

the reliability of first impressions.

第一印象的可靠性。

If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first.

如果你认为其他人也会反对，你或许应该先召集你的“队伍”。

You can say something like, “I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here.

你可以这样说：“我知道我们似乎正倾向于在第一季度做出承诺。

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.

这些法案与加利福尼亚州最近通过的一项措施类似，加州去年成为第一个要求私营公司实行性别配额的州。

Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible termination.

七个月后，经过一次选举，新上任的保守派市议会暂停执行清洁空气区政策，这是该政策可能被终止的第一步。

When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.

几十年前这种做法刚出现时，通常仅限于新生，目的是在他们难以适应大学水平的课程时，给他们在第一年再上一次某门课的机会。

To handle the areas in serious danger first.

优先处理危险严重的地区。

What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?

根据前两段，应当解决什么问题？

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.

正如埃里克·布林约尔松和安德鲁·麦卡菲在《第二次机器革命》中所主张的，第一步应当是重新思考教育和职业培训。

Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.

从根本上说，美国邮政署正处于前所未有的两面夹击之中：一方面，技术变革使其核心产品——一类邮件——的需求永久性下降；另一方面，监管体制使管理层无法灵活调整运营以适应新的现实。

attracting more first-class mail users.

吸引更多一类邮件用户。

The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century — the period when the United States emerged as an international power.

这座大楼最初被称为国务院、陆军部和海军部大楼，在19世纪最后25年和20世纪最初25年——美国崛起为国际强国的时期——容纳了与制定和执行国家外交政策关系最为密切的三个行政部门。

Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood, oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.

国务院所在的南翼于1875年竣工，最先投入使用，其中有优雅的四层图书馆（1876年完工）、外交接待室以及用木雕、东方地毯和模板印花墙饰装饰的国务卿办公室。海军部于1879年迁入东翼，那里的部长办公室装饰着精美的墙面与天花板模板印花以及镶嵌地板。

When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London.

莎士比亚十二岁时，伦敦建起了第一座公共剧院。

You wanted to say something — the first word — but it just won’t come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere.

你想说点什么——说出第一个词——但它就是说不出口，感觉像是卡在了什么地方。

I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow.

我真心相信，一旦你说出了第一个词，其他的一切就会自然而然地顺畅起来。

The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.

第一篇发表的随笔《白杨道上的晚餐》让狄更斯在《月刊》上看到它时热泪盈眶。从那以后，他以笔名“博兹”在《晚间纪事报》上发表的随笔为他赢得了一定的声誉。

Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.

《博兹随笔》问世后不久，一家出版公司找到狄更斯，请他按月分期创作一个故事，作为当时著名画家罗伯特·西摩一系列木刻画的背景故事，而这个故事的构想最初正是出自西摩。狄更斯以他特有的自信，成功地坚持让西摩的画反过来为他自己的故事配图。第一期刊出后，狄更斯写信给这位画家，要求他修改一幅狄更斯认为不够忠实于其文字的插图。西摩改了画，走进自家后院，以自杀的方式表达了他的不满。狄更斯和他的出版商干脆换了一位新画家继续推进。这部喜剧小说《匹克威克俱乐部遗稿》于1836年和1837年连载，并于1837年首次以书籍形式出版。

Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes — all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.

间隔年非但没有拖学生的后腿，反而通过让他们为独立、新的责任和环境变化做好准备而推动他们前进——这些都是大一新生往往最难应对的事情。

It’s his first week on the job.

这是他上班的第一周。

According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?

根据第一段，法国将会发生什么？

First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.

首先，消费者可能把企业社会责任支出视为公司产品质量上乘的一种“信号”。

This is especially true in first impressions.

在第一印象中尤其如此。

According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain ____

根据前两段，西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯____

According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by ____

根据前两段，令伊丽莎白不安的是____

(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.

(49) 第一批前往今天美国领土的移民乘船横渡大西洋，是在15、16世纪北美探险之后一百多年的事。

The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.

殖民者第一眼看到的新大陆是一片茂密的森林。

For years, studies have found that first-generation college students — those who do not have a parent with a college degree — lag other students on a range of education achievement factors.

多年来，研究发现，第一代大学生——即父母都没有大学学位的学生——在一系列教育成就指标上落后于其他学生。

This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

根据即将发表在《心理科学》杂志上的一篇论文那令人沮丧的开头，这造成了“一个悖论”：招收第一代大学生，却眼看着他们中的许多人失败，这意味着高等教育“一直在复制并扩大而非缩小”基于社会阶层的成就差距。

But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.

但这篇文章实际上相当乐观，因为它概述了解决这一问题的一个可能方案，提出一种方法（包括一个时长一小时、几乎零成本的项目）可以将第一代大学生与其他学生之间的成就差距（以成绩等因素衡量）缩小63%。

First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree.

第一代大学生被定义为父母都没有四年制大学学位的学生。

Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

大多数第一代大学生（59.1%）获得了佩尔助学金——一种面向经济困难本科生的联邦助学金，而在父母至少一方拥有四年制学位的学生中，这一比例仅为8.6%。

Their thesis — that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact — was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.

他们的论点——相对温和的干预可以产生巨大影响——基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最缺乏的可能不是潜力，而是如何应对大多数大学生所面临问题的实用知识。

Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write.

他们写道，许多第一代大学生“难以适应高等教育中的中产阶级文化，难以学会‘游戏规则’，也难以利用大学资源”。

“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”

“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”

Recruiting more first-generation students has ____

招收更多第一代大学生____

The study suggests that most first-generation students ____

研究表明，大多数第一代大学生____

The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students ____

论文作者认为第一代大学生____

But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.

但在“奥斯本国度”里，你的第一本能就是陷入依赖——如果可以的话，就永久依赖下去——而一个非常乐意纵容你这种虚伪的国家会供养你。

First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.

第一，如果有人要授予他们这样的奖项，大多数研究人员都会接受。

According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ____

根据第一段，社会心理学家发现____

According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ____

根据第一段，经济衰退会____

But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

但正如克莱因率先指出的，博蒙特花了几十年才练就这门手艺；她的例子是无法复制的。

First, it is very [expensive] to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the [dominant] form of payment.

首先，要让电子货币成为主导的支付形式，就必须建立计算机、读卡器和电信网络，而这些设施的建设成本非常高昂。

trust our first impression.

相信我们的第一印象。

According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as ____

根据第一段，同伴压力常常表现为____

First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.

第一，科学工作往往聚焦于现有知识中被认为不完整或不正确的某个方面。

According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ____

根据第一段，发现过程的特点是____

First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.

第一，他们可以让工作陷入停顿，却不必承担多少后果。

It can be learned from the first paragraph that ____

从第一段可以得知____

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.

联网计算机是一种令人惊叹的设备，是第一台集生产方式、传播手段、接收场所以及赞扬与批评之地于一身的媒体机器。

First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.

第一，大多数人没有意识到，有强大的商业企图在起作用，使他们一直处于被动消费的模式中。

If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.

吉尔伯特和爱乐乐团要想成功，首先必须改变这支美国历史最悠久的乐团与它希望吸引的新听众之间的关系。

Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

光辉国际的高级合伙人丹尼斯·凯里说：“在我做过的人才搜寻中，我想不出有哪一次董事会没有指示我先考虑现任首席执行官。”

Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.

监控是迈向减排之路的第一步，但要做的事情还有很多，而且不只是大公司需要去做。

The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering.

鸡蛋行业的这一推动，是对再生农场的动物产品能否成为下一个高端产品的首次重大考验。

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.

“暗黑模式”一词由用户体验专家哈里·布里格努尔于2010年首创，泛指那些通过操纵用户界面来影响用户决策能力的做法。

In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.

据美国能源信息署报告，今年3月，风能和太阳能发电首次占到美国发电量的10%以上。

When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point.

当你第一次见到一个人时，努力找出你和那个人的共同之处，这样你就可以从这一点展开交谈。

You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name.

你们都经历过这样的交谈：初次见到某人，但过了一段时间再次相遇时，你可能已经忘了他们的名字。

Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.

《博兹随笔》问世后不久，一家出版公司找到狄更斯，请他按月分期创作一个故事，作为当时著名画家罗伯特·西摩一系列木刻画的背景故事，而这个故事的构想最初正是出自西摩。狄更斯以他特有的自信，成功地坚持让西摩的画反过来为他自己的故事配图。第一期刊出后，狄更斯写信给这位画家，要求他修改一幅狄更斯认为不够忠实于其文字的插图。西摩改了画，走进自家后院，以自杀的方式表达了他的不满。狄更斯和他的出版商干脆换了一位新画家继续推进。这部喜剧小说《匹克威克俱乐部遗稿》于1836年和1837年连载，并于1837年首次以书籍形式出版。

There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining.

一个气喘吁吁的首次参与者在掌声中冲过终点线所带来的喜悦，与顶尖高手大放异彩所带来的喜悦一样多。

does not attract first-timers.

不吸引初次参与者。

In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires — nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.

2015年，美国林务局首次将其55亿美元年度预算的一半以上用于扑灭火灾——这一比例几乎是20年前用于此类工作的比例的两倍。

For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.

有史以来第一次，住在城镇的人比住在乡村的人多。

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step [further] and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental [sharpness].

如今，一家新的网络公司更进一步，开发出了首个“大脑训练项目”，旨在切实帮助人们提高并恢复头脑的敏锐度。

The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.

联网计算机提供了50年来第一次扭转这种流向的机会，鼓励有思考的下载，更重要的是，鼓励有意义的上传。

Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

不到两周，他就首次与哈特福德金融服务集团的董事会进行了接洽，该集团于9月29日任命他为首席执行官兼董事长。

The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.

当初把早期波利尼西亚人带到夏威夷海岸的那种探寻地平线以外有什么的好奇心，同样激励着今天的天文学家去探索太空。

When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades.

经济复苏开始时，工人短缺首先出现在高技能行业。

“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed.

“最初的几天应该用来找工作，而不是想着去登记领救济，”他声称。

On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness.

乍一听，这是一位关心社会的财政大臣，力图让人们的生活变得更好，还对一个明显过于纵容的制度进行了“改革”——这个制度对新近失业者找工作要求的努力太少，还在补贴懒惰。

It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

直到20世纪80年代中期，放大年龄和性别差异成为儿童产品的主要营销策略，粉色才真正大行其道，开始显得天生对女孩有吸引力，成为界定她们女性身份的一部分，至少在最初几个关键年份里是如此。

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.

随着经济复苏的最初迹象开始显现，副手们可能更愿意在没有退路的情况下跳槽。

The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Ⅱ and took up posts at American architecture schools.

“少即是多”这一说法实际上最早是由德国建筑师路德维希·密斯·凡·德·罗推广开来的；他和其他与包豪斯设计学院有关的人一样，在二战前移居美国，并在美国的建筑院校任职。

These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.

这些变化是逐渐发生的，起初几乎察觉不到。

And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.

然而，《拉动的力量》等书的作者约翰·黑格尔说，布林约尔松和麦卡菲没有看到这些工作从一开始就如此容易受到技术冲击的原因。

At first glance this might seem like a strength that [grants] the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by [external] factors.

乍一看，这似乎是一种优势，它赋予人们做出不受外部因素影响的判断的能力。