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n. 森林44 次
When Tom Swetnam joined the U.S. Forest Service in the 1970s, his mandate was to “put everything out,” he recalled.
汤姆·斯韦特纳姆回忆说，20世纪70年代他加入美国林务局时，他的任务是“把所有火都扑灭”。
They rid the forest of dead and sick trees, reducing competition and curbing the spread of disease.
它们清除了森林中枯死和患病的树木，减少了竞争，并遏制了疾病的传播。
Yet even as scientists and public officials increasingly agree on the need for more fires in our forests, climate change is making this tactic more challenging, experts said.
然而专家们表示，尽管科学家和政府官员越来越认同我们的森林需要更多的火，但气候变化正使这一策略变得更具挑战性。
the forest management practices in the 1970s.
20世纪70年代的森林管理做法。
the importance of forest ecosystems.
森林生态系统的重要性。
Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are ‘masting’ species, which don’t produce seeds every year.
国际生物多样性中心驻罗马的森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，这里对基础设施——诸如收集和储存种子的机制以及培育幼苗的苗圃——的需求可能最为迫切，因为许多树木属于“大年结实”物种，并非每年都结种子。
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Climate change is a driving factor in the push to restore forests, but it also raises questions, such as where trees can thrive in the future.
气候变化是推动森林恢复的一个驱动因素，但它也引发了一些问题，比如未来树木在哪里能够茁壮生长。
Climate change is also expected to alter relationships between trees, insects, diseases and other forest species.
气候变化预计还会改变树木、昆虫、病害和其他森林物种之间的关系。
“Insects that today are a minor problem may become a major problem if they can produce three or four generations in a year,” says forest ecologist John Stanturf.
森林生态学家约翰·斯坦图夫说：“如今只是小问题的昆虫，如果一年能繁殖三四代，就可能变成大问题。”
So is soil, says Cindy Prescott, a forest ecologist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
温哥华不列颠哥伦比亚大学的森林生态学家辛迪·普雷斯科特说，土壤也是如此。
That has been the strongest lesson of all for forest ecologist Robin Chazdon.
对森林生态学家罗宾·查兹登来说，这是最深刻的一课。
“Yes, it’s about forests, but it’s really about people.
“没错，它关乎森林，但它真正关乎的是人。
Soil is an important element to be taken into account in forest restoration.
土壤是森林恢复中需要考虑的一个重要因素。
Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
在森林恢复中，除了所种植的树木，人的因素也应受到重视。
Some creatures in the forest that multiply fast can become a great threat to forest restoration.
森林中一些繁殖迅速的生物可能对森林恢复构成巨大威胁。
Some creatures in the forest that multiply fast can become a great threat to forest restoration.
森林中一些繁殖迅速的生物可能对森林恢复构成巨大威胁。
The Wickquasgeck Trail is an example of a historical desire path, created by Native Americans to cross the forests of Manhattan and move between settlements quickly.
威克夸斯盖克小道就是一条历史上的欲望小径，它由美洲原住民开辟，用来穿越曼哈顿的森林、在定居点之间快速往来。
They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land.
它们在各种栖息地之间迁徙，包括森林、草原、林地、湿地和农田。
The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader in certifying that its forests are sustainably managed, Confor says.
Confor表示，英国拥有种植木材以建造低碳住宅的理想条件，并且在认证森林可持续管理方面处于全球领先地位。
Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
印度尼西亚拥有世界第三大面积的热带森林，也是森林砍伐率最高的国家之一。
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.
费拉罗分析了卫星数据，这些数据显示了2008年至2012年间（包括印度尼西亚逐步推行扶贫计划期间）15个省份7468个林区村庄每年的森林损失情况。
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.
费拉罗分析了卫星数据，这些数据显示了2008年至2012年间（包括印度尼西亚逐步推行扶贫计划期间）15个省份7468个林区村庄每年的森林损失情况。
the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
CCT与该国森林损失之间的关系。
the role of its forests in climate change.
该国森林在气候变化中的作用。
[For example], even in dense forest, you should be able to [spot] gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve [through] the woods.
例如，即使在茂密的森林中，你也应该能发现林木线上的缺口，这些缺口是由道路、铁轨以及人们在树林中开辟的其他小径造成的。
Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.
森林给我们带来了树荫、宁静，也带来了应对气候变化斗争中一项较为艰巨的挑战。
Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.
就在我们人类依靠森林吸收我们所产生的大量二氧化碳的同时，我们也在威胁着森林的这种能力。
The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
我们正在加速的气候变化可能有一天会让森林排放的碳比吸收的还多。
Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now.
要帮助森林在未来很长一段时间内作为宝贵的“碳汇”蓬勃生长，可能需要现在就降低它们吸收碳的能力。
The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.
该州提出的《森林碳计划》旨在加倍努力，在部分林区间伐幼树、清除灌木。
The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.
该州提出的《森林碳计划》旨在加倍努力，在部分林区间伐幼树、清除灌木。
But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.
但剩下的树木能获得更多可用水分，因此它们会茁壮成长，从而恢复森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。
California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 — financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions.
加州计划到2020年每年治理3.5万英亩森林，到2030年每年治理6万英亩——资金来自该州排放许可拍卖的收益。
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.
该策略还旨在确保从森林中清除的木质材料中的碳以实木的形式被封存起来，或作为生物燃料在原本使用化石燃料的车辆中燃烧。
State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation.
各州政府对管理森林早已驾轻就熟，但传统上它们关注的是野生动物、流域和休闲娱乐机会。
Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon.
直到最近，它们才认识到森林在储存碳方面必将发挥的重要作用。
forests may become a potential threat.
森林可能成为一种潜在威胁。
To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks," we may need to ____
为了让森林保持宝贵的“碳汇”作用，我们可能需要____
California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ____
加州的《森林碳计划》致力于____
reduce the density of some of its forests.
降低部分森林的密度。
restore its forests quickly after wildfires.
在野火后迅速恢复森林。
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires — nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago.
2015年，美国林务局首次将其55亿美元年度预算的一半以上用于扑灭火灾——这一比例几乎是20年前用于此类工作的比例的两倍。
In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work — such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep — that affect the lives of all Americans.
实际上，如今投入该机构其他工作的联邦资金减少了——比如森林保护、流域与文化资源管理以及基础设施维护——而这些工作影响着所有美国人的生活。
(50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
(50) 这片原始森林树木丰富多样，是一座真正的宝库，从缅因州一直延伸到佐治亚州。