kind简单

The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.

研究人员首先确定了大象在自由觅食时喜欢吃或会避开哪些种类的植物。

Things changed, [however], when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, [created] a growth team and sparked the kind of [fresh] perspective they needed.

{{8}}，当一位富有创新精神的项目营销经理加入后，情况发生了变化：他{{9}}了一个增长团队，并激发出他们所需要的那种{{10}}视角。

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.

最激烈、也是完全违法的反应是Sci-Hub的出现。它是一种面向科学论文的全球复印机，创建于2012年，如今声称可以提供2015年以来发表的所有付费文章。

With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation.

借助眼动追踪技术，哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的朱莉娅·明森得出结论：根据情境不同，眼神交流可以传递截然不同的信息。

It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.

正是伴随着这些伟大的发现，一种以理性为基础的新哲学诞生了。

Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company.

此外，最高的首席执行官薪酬是付给外部人选的，而不是付给关系亲密的内部人选，这是另一个迹象，表明首席执行官的高薪并非某种以牺牲公司其他人利益为代价的掠夺。

It’s almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind of failure.

人的一生几乎不可能不经历某种失败。

Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

如果争论就是争斗——我们常常这样看待争论——那么卡耐基就是对的。和肢体冲突一样，口头争斗也会让双方都头破血流。即使你赢了，最终也不会更好。即便争论只是竞赛——比如说网球比赛——你的前景也几乎同样黯淡。对手们两两对阵，来回击球，直到所有参赛者中产生一个胜者。其他人都是输家。正是这种想法让那么多人尽量避免争论，尤其是关于政治和宗教的争论。

I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.

我逐渐认识到糟糕论文的各种迹象：比如那种声称每周吃一公斤以上西兰花的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性是吃得少的人的1.17倍的论文。

(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

(46) 医学期刊上有大量这类胡说八道，一旦被广播电视和大众媒体采用，就会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。

There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

一种膨胀的过程一直在起作用：(47) 如今，任何申请研究职位的人发表的论文数量，都必须是仅仅10年前同一职位所要求数量的两倍。

(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

(50) 如果我们真的想确保我们的科学研究既有意义又可重复，我们就必须确保我们的机构鼓励这样的科学研究。

"There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary — feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

“关于内疚是什么、内疚能起什么作用，出现了一种复兴或者说重新思考，”弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿姆丽莎·韦什说。她还补充说，这种复兴是一种更广泛认识的一部分，即情绪并非非此即彼——在一种情境中可能有益的感受，在另一种情境中可能有害。

It is a kind of social glue.

它是一种社会黏合剂。

They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions — a kind of "moral licensing" that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.

它们甚至可能有害，因为它们满足了我们“已尽了自己一份力”的需要，却从未推动我们采取更大、更大胆、更有效的行动——这是一种“道德许可”，它缓解了我们的担忧，却让我们不再做更多的事，也不再对掌权者提出更多要求。

Online education can supplement the traditional kind.

在线教育可以补充传统教育。

The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers.

此后二十五年伊丽莎白时代戏剧的发展，对研究文学史的人来说格外有意义，因为在这短短的时期内，我们可以追溯许多种戏剧以及许多伟大事业的开端、成长、繁荣与衰落。

But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice.

但他也发现了一种潜藏的偏见。

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.

法院的裁决界定了一种不构成犯罪的偏袒行为，这在法律上是站得住脚的。

allow for certain kinds of lobbying.

允许某些类型的游说。

That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking [necessary] for making investments for the future.

这是因为快乐与那种为未来进行投资所{{3}}的长远思维相关。

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens — a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands — once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.

生物学家估计，曾有多达200万只小草原鸡——一种生活在广袤草原上的鸟类——为美国中西部和西南部常常灰蒙蒙的景观增添了红色。

Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

深度阅读需要的不仅是时间，而是一种特殊的时间，这种时间无法仅仅通过提高效率来获得。

Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading — useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.

如果试图把它作为待办事项列表中的一项塞进日程，你就只能做到以目标为中心的阅读——有时有用，但并不是最令人满足的那种。

You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

你开始推断文本的语境，例如，判断其中涉及何种言语事件：谁在说话，对谁说，在何时何地说。

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.

这里所说的阅读方式毫无疑问都属于理解。

It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced and more worthwhile than another.

但这并不一定意味着某一种阅读比另一种更全面、更高级、更有价值。

Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another.

理想情况下，不同的阅读方式相互启发，彼此充当有用的参照点和制衡力量。

Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

相反，我们是基于所谓文本材料与语境材料之间的互动来赋予文本意义的：即我们在文本形式结构（尤其是其语言结构）中感知到的各种组织或模式，与我们带入文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度之间的互动。

Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

相反，我们是基于所谓文本材料与语境材料之间的互动来赋予文本意义的：即我们在文本形式结构（尤其是其语言结构）中感知到的各种组织或模式，与我们带入文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度之间的互动。

Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house.

此外，我们还会为各种失去而悲伤：一段友谊、一段恋情或一所房子。

Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

他们当中许多人反而成了专门提起滋扰性诉讼的人，使侵权法体系变成了代价高昂的噩梦。

British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through.

从这次精心挑选但规模相对不大的展览来看，英国大地艺术并不是要把意志强加于风景，而更像是一种在途经之时创作的、以风景为导向的轻概念艺术。

illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art.

展示了一种以风景为导向的轻概念艺术。

But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.

但这恰恰是积极心理学家不会推荐的那种虚假的快乐。

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.

在一个“一般”已正式终结的世界里，为了支持就业我们需要做很多事情，但没有什么比通过某种21世纪版的《退伍军人权利法案》更重要了，以确保每个美国人都能接受高中后教育。

That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be [accepted] as impartial judgments.

这类活动使得最高法院的判决更不容易被当作公正的裁决而为人接受。

These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

这些正是英国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国家试图通过向大学毕业生倾斜的移民规定来吸引的人才。

reject most kinds of recorded performances.

排斥大多数类型的演出录音。

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run.

麦吉说，在没有找好下家的情况下离职，使他有时间思考自己想经营一家什么样的公司。