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They then traced how the animals spread across the rest of the continent into Europe and Asia about 2,500 years later.
随后他们追踪了这些动物如何扩散到非洲大陆的其他地区，并在大约2500年后进入欧洲和亚洲。
Research shows that these prescribed burns make subsequent wildfires less severe, even if later fires happen under the most dangerous weather conditions.
研究表明，这些计划烧除会降低后续野火的严重程度，即使之后的火灾发生在最危险的天气条件下也是如此。
A year later, he returned with a few students to [examine] the location and map the site.
一年后，他带着几名学生回来{{11}}这个地点并绘制遗址地图。
Yet these objects aren’t truly ephemeral, because they’re still here, decades, even centuries later.
然而这些物品并非真的转瞬即逝，因为几十年甚至几百年后它们依然存在。
Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith’s labour in a nail even more than the raw material.
后来的文明对一枚钉子中熟练铁匠所付出劳动的重视，甚至超过了对原材料的重视。
Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence of the park’s sights that later made its way to government officials.
也许最重要的是，这些图像为公园的景观提供了文献证据，这些证据后来送到了政府官员手中。
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Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.
尽管美洲原住民（以及后来的矿工和毛皮猎人）早就认识到该地区的富饶，但大多数美国人并不了解。这就是为什么海登的考察旨在更全面地了解黄石河地区，从温泉、瀑布到各种动植物。除了随行的科学家，考察队还有艺术家：画家托马斯·莫兰和摄影师威廉·亨利·杰克逊负责捕捉这令人惊叹的自然之美，并将其与世界分享。
The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers.
后一组人在之后接受相关测试时根本没有努力去回忆这些信息，因为他们知道可以在电脑上找到。
However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
然而，所提出的机制难以操作，该法案在当年晚些时候政府更迭后被否决。
Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless signup process but was later difficult to cancel.
想想那些让你感到被欺骗或沮丧的时刻：某个会员或订阅服务注册流程十分顺畅，后来却很难取消。
Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.
然而，在微软表示已将它们的最佳功能用到自己的产品中之后，这两款应用后来都被废弃了。
Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.
哥白尼在1543年提出理论，认为事实上我们所知道的所有行星都不是绕地球而是绕太阳运转，这一体系后来被伽利略不惜付出个人代价加以维护。
Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible termination.
七个月后，经过一次选举，新上任的保守派市议会暂停执行清洁空气区政策，这是该政策可能被终止的第一步。
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms.
与悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等所谓的基本情绪不同，内疚感出现得稍晚一些，它伴随着儿童对社会和道德规范的逐渐理解而产生。
Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.
仅仅十几年后，进口所占的比例达到了25.8%。
We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.
我们仍处于这场革命的开端，现在的小小选择日后可能会产生巨大的后果。
Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
父亲出狱后不久，狄更斯在律师事务所找到了一份更好的差事——当跑腿的。他自学速记，后来得到了更好的工作，担任法庭速记员和议会记者。与此同时，狄更斯以记者的眼光记录身边的生活，尤其是任何滑稽或古怪的事情，并向一些不知名的杂志投寄短篇随笔。
Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay Office — a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.
狄更斯出生于英格兰南部海岸的朴次茅斯。他的父亲是英国海军军饷处的一名职员——一个体面的职位，但社会地位不高。他的祖父母分别是管家和女管家，因为当过仆人，地位更低，狄更斯后来隐瞒了他们的出身。据说狄更斯的母亲出身于一个更体面的家庭。然而在狄更斯出生前两年，他的外祖父因偷窃被抓，逃往欧洲大陆，再也没有回来。家境日益贫困，迫使狄更斯在12岁时辍学，到沃伦鞋油作坊——一家鞋油厂——做工，在那里其他做工的男孩嘲笑他是“小绅士”。后来他的父亲因负债入狱。父亲入狱的屈辱和他在鞋油厂做工的经历成了狄更斯最大的创伤，也成了他最深的秘密。他甚至无法向妻子吐露这些事，尽管它们构成了他小说中未被承认的基础。
Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.
一开始就利用间隔年把事情想清楚，有助于避免日后的压力并节省开支。
Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.
希尔施加的压力后来促成了国家公园和绿化带的设立。
later
更晚
Such dimensions of reading suggest — as others introduced later in the book will also do — that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading.
阅读的这些维度表明——正如本书后面介绍的其他维度也会表明的那样——我们在任何阅读行为中都带有一种隐含的（往往未被承认的）目的。
If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
如果你不熟悉某些单词或习语，你会利用上下文中的线索猜测其含义。你假定它们以后会变得有关联，于是在心里记下语篇中的实体以及它们之间可能存在的联系。
For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very [concept] of money itself,” only to [reverse] itself several years later.
例如，《商业周刊》在1975年曾预言电子支付手段很快就会“彻底变革货币这一概念本身”，结果几年后却推翻了自己的说法。
He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.
三年后，他终于在一家大型金融机构担任了这一职务。
Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
尽管养育孩子的日常经历可能艰辛得令人心力交瘁，但西尼尔写道：“正是那些当下令我们情绪低落的事情，日后可能成为强烈满足和喜悦的源泉。”
Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became President of Brown University.
2000年1月，露丝·西蒙斯以外部董事身份加入高盛董事会；一年后，她成为布朗大学校长。
Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
今年晚些时候，我们将发布一份白皮书，具体阐明我们将如何实现这一目标。”