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n. 法律，法规，法学，规律，定律80 次
ACE says it’s helped shrink the number of illegal streaming services in North America to 126, from more than 1,400 in 2018, aided in part by the MPA’s support for a 2020 federal law that made large-scale streaming of copyright material a serious crime.
ACE表示，它已帮助将北美的非法流媒体服务数量从2018年的1400多个减少到126个，这在一定程度上得益于美国电影协会对2020年一项联邦法律的支持，该法律将大规模流播受版权保护的内容定为重罪。
In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.
在马里兰州，好消息是该州有许多现行法律为湿地提供保护。
There could be liability and penalties if a physician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality,” she counseled.
如果医生不按照州里有关报告和保密的法律行事，可能要承担责任并受到处罚。”她提醒道。
Existing health privacy law, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, is primarily focused on the way hospitals, doctors’ offices, clinics and insurance companies store health records online.
现有的健康隐私法，如《健康保险流通与责任法案》，主要关注医院、医生诊所、诊所和保险公司在网上存储健康记录的方式。
What does the author imply about existing health privacy law?
关于现有的健康隐私法，作者暗示了什么？
John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down.
Freeths律师事务所的建筑律师约翰·凯利认为，价格最终会降下来。
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The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management.
其前提是，普通法中的合同法缺乏足够的保障措施来保护工人免受管理层的专断行为侵害。
Consequently — and paradoxically — laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
因此——也很矛盾的是——为保护普通工人的工作而出台的法律，可能正在使这些工作面临风险。
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages.
即使没有使工作面临风险，只要就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的经理，这些法律就会制约企业的生产率，进而制约工人的工资。
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages.
即使没有使工作面临风险，只要就业保护法限制企业主解雇表现不佳的经理，这些法律就会制约企业的生产率，进而制约工人的工资。
Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff.
由于就业保护法使解雇员工的成本更高，雇主在招聘新员工时更加谨慎。
Across the Tasman, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.
在塔斯曼海对岸，澳大利亚通过将收入高于特定“高收入门槛”的员工排除在其不公平解雇法的保护范围之外，来应对不正当解雇悖论。
Enforcing employment protection laws.
执行就业保护法
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.
政府已承诺修改法律，引入最低服务要求，这样即使发生罢工，服务也能继续运行。
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.
与此同时，法院驳回了FCC阻止各州制定一切网络中立规则的企图，但保留了该委员会优先于（并否决）破坏其命令的个别州法律的权力。
That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
这意味着将出现更多类似司法部与加利福尼亚州之间正在进行的这种斗争——加州在FCC放弃职责之后颁布了一部严格的网络中立法。
If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more [cautious] drivers who obeyed traffic laws.
如果标准改为安全，就会有更多谨慎且遵守交通法规的司机。
If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
如果这些法案成为法律，州委员会将被要求在2022年前把50%的席位留给女性。
In signing the measure, California’s Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
在签署该措施时，加州州长杰里·布朗承认，这项明确以性别对人进行分类的法律很可能违宪。
Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
由于加州的这项法律适用于所有董事会，即使是那些以往不存在歧视的董事会，法院很可能会裁定该法律违反了宪法对“平等保护”的保障。
Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
由于加州的这项法律适用于所有董事会，即使是那些以往不存在歧视的董事会，法院很可能会裁定该法律违反了宪法对“平等保护”的保障。
These have included Britain’s DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia’s MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India’s SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few.
这些条款包括英国的DPT（转移利润税）、澳大利亚的MAAL（跨国公司反避税法）和印度的SEP（显著经济存在）测试，这里仅举几例。
It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
它还承诺不部署其使用会违反国际法或侵犯人权的人工智能。
Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
根据周四的裁决，各州可以通过法律，要求州外卖家向顾客收取该州的销售税并上缴给该州。
Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.
这些零售商在遵守各州不同的销售税法时可能会遇到麻烦。
Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
偏袒某些美国企业的不公正法律。
demand new laws on the use of plastics.
要求制定关于塑料使用的新法律。
Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it.
德纳姆女士选择把责任集中归咎于该NHS信托，因为根据现行法律，是它“控制”着数据，而DeepMind只是“处理”了数据。
Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.
隐私法建立在这样一个概念之上：可识别的个人信息会对个人造成损害。
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.
在这一事例中用隐私法来约束科技巨头，感觉有点不太合适。
the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
隐私法执行不力。
Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.
竞争法似乎是解决这些权力失衡的唯一途径。
Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them.
按照目前的解释，竞争法处理的是消费者在经济上受到的损害，而当这些服务的用户并不为其付费时，这种损害并不明显。
According to the author, competition law ____
根据作者的观点，竞争法____
Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ____
按目前的解释，竞争法很难保护脸书用户，因为____
But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation.
但根据反贿赂法，必须证明存在具体的好处，比如批准一份合同或一项规章。
This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.
这种廉正需要严格执行有关政府透明度的法律，比如官方会面记录、游说规则以及每位民选领导人财富来源的信息。
Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to ____
需要严格执行有关政府透明度的法律，以便____
Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.
父亲出狱后不久，狄更斯在律师事务所找到了一份更好的差事——当跑腿的。他自学速记，后来得到了更好的工作，担任法庭速记员和议会记者。与此同时，狄更斯以记者的眼光记录身边的生活，尤其是任何滑稽或古怪的事情，并向一些不知名的杂志投寄短篇随笔。
But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.
但她说，承认火在人类生活中不可避免的存在，这种态度对于制定尽可能保障安全的法律、政策和做法至关重要。
Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
上周，法国立法者初步批准了一项法律，将在T台上雇用过瘦模特定为犯罪。
Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
根据该法律，雇用不符合政府规定的身体质量指数的时装模特，可能会被处以85,000美元罚款和六个月监禁。
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.
依靠道德劝说而非法律来解决滥用理想身材观念的问题，或许是最好的做法。
But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
但至少他们已经证明，当公司惹上官司时，良好品行的证据能为它们赢得代价较小的惩罚。
Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
法学教授奥林·科尔将21世纪数字信息的爆炸式增长和易获取性，与20世纪汽车成为几乎必不可少的生活必需品相提并论：当年大法官们必须为乘用车这一新的私人领域制定新规则；如今他们必须理清第四修正案如何适用于数字信息。
The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.
最优秀的律师赚得盆满钵满，吸引越来越多的学生涌入法学院。
But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.
但大多数法学毕业生始终没能进入大律所工作。
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
在美国大多数州，成为律师只有一条路：先读一个四年制的不相关专业的本科学位，然后在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院之一攻读三年制法律学位，再花一大笔钱准备律师资格考试。
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
在美国大多数州，成为律师只有一条路：先读一个四年制的不相关专业的本科学位，然后在美国律师协会认可的200所法学院之一攻读三年制法律学位，再花一大笔钱准备律师资格考试。
This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts.
这使得如今法学院毕业生在本科债务之外平均还要背负10万美元的债务。
Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.
法学院的债务意味着他们不得不拼命工作。
One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.
一种主张是允许人们把法律作为本科学位来学习。
Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.
另一种主张是让学生在法学院只读两年就可以参加律师资格考试。
Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.
除哥伦比亚特区外，非律师不得持有律师事务所的任何股份。
There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
行业内部存在要求变革的压力，但监管者中反对变革的人坚持认为，将外人挡在律所之外，能使律师免受只顾赚钱、而不合乎职业道德地为客户服务的压力。
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
事实上，允许非律师持有律所股份可以降低成本、改善对客户的服务，因为这会促使律所运用技术，并聘用职业经理人专注于提高律所的效率。
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
事实上，允许非律师持有律所股份可以降低成本、改善对客户的服务，因为这会促使律所运用技术，并聘用职业经理人专注于提高律所的效率。
A lot of students take up law as their profession due to ____
许多学生以法律为职业是由于____
keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
阻止律师持有律所股份。
flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.
美国律所有缺陷的所有权及其成因。
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday — a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.
周一，最高法院以五比三的投票结果推翻了亚利桑那州移民法的大部分内容——这对奥巴马政府来说是一次有限的政策胜利。
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.
在“亚利桑那州诉美国”一案中，多数法官推翻了亚利桑那州一项颇具争议的计划中四项受到质疑的条款中的三项，该计划旨在让州和地方警察执行联邦移民法。
The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.
只有联邦政府有权“制定统一的归化条例”以及联邦法律优先于州法律，这两项宪法原则是没有争议的。
The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.
只有联邦政府有权“制定统一的归化条例”以及联邦法律优先于州法律，这两项宪法原则是没有争议的。
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.
不过，大法官们表示，亚利桑那州警方可以核查与执法部门有接触的人员的合法身份。
The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.
白宫辩称，即使州法律完全遵守联邦法规，亚利桑那州的法律也与其执法优先事项相冲突。
The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.
白宫辩称，即使州法律完全遵守联邦法规，亚利桑那州的法律也与其执法优先事项相冲突。
In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
实际上，白宫是在声称它可以宣布任何它不认同的、本属合法的州法律无效。
overstepped the authority of federal immigration law
越过了联邦移民法的权限
States’ independence from federal immigration law.
各州不受联邦移民法的约束。
rarely goes against state laws
很少与州法律相抵触
New Law Takes Effect.
新法生效
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease.
无论是否获得许可，他们都能轻松地跨越不同的法律、司法管辖区和身份。
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law [as] having authority apart from politics.
宪法的制定者们设想法律应具有独立于政治之外的权威。
Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely [tied].
我们的法律体系之所以被设计成让法律与政治分离，恰恰是因为二者联系得如此紧密。
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social [concepts] like liberty and property.
宪法具有政治性，因为它源于植根于自由和财产等基本社会观念的选择。
When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it [shapes] is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily [dismissed] as unjust.
当最高法院处理社会政策方面的裁决时，它所塑造的法律不可避免地带有政治性——这就是为什么按意识形态分歧作出的判决如此容易被斥为不公。
That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, [as a result], convincing as law.
这会使他们的裁决更有可能被视为与政治无关，从而作为法律更具说服力。
Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
牛顿运动定律和达尔文进化论各自将大量不同的现象纳入一个统一的解释框架之中。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.
此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。
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The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872. That March, President Ulysses S. Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. While some locals opposed to the designation, the decision was largely accepted — and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. “I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those images,” says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues, Bison and Bears: 100 Years of the National Park Service.
事实证明，该法案广受欢迎，以压倒性多数顺利在国会通过。1872年初，参众两院相继迅速通过了保护黄石的立法。当年3月，尤利西斯·S·格兰特总统签署了一项法案，使其成为法律，从而将黄石确立为世界上第一个国家公园。尽管一些当地人反对这一认定，但这一决定在很大程度上被接受了——杰克逊的照片在保护该地区的斗争中发挥了关键作用。“我认为，如果没有那些图像，法律保护不会在那样的时间内实现，”记者希瑟·汉森说，她是《先知与大亨、护林员与无赖、野牛与熊：国家公园管理局100年》一书的作者。
The court cannot [maintain] its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law [when] justices behave like politicians.
如果大法官们表现得像政客一样，最高法院就无法维持其作为法治守护者的合法性。