pattern简单

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.

“暗黑模式”一词由用户体验专家哈里·布里格努尔于2010年首创，泛指那些通过操纵用户界面来影响用户决策能力的做法。

Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

布里格努尔列出了12种常见的暗黑模式，从误导和隐藏费用到“蟑螂旅馆”不等——所谓“蟑螂旅馆”，是指用户体验一开始看起来简单直观，但当用户想要退出时却变得困难重重。

Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.

尽管暗黑模式普遍存在，但这一概念仍未被充分理解。

Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

企业和非营利组织的领导者应该意识到暗黑模式，并尽量避开它们所造成的灰色地带。

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?

合乎道德的说服性设计与暗黑模式之间的界线在哪里？

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level.

立法者和监管者正慢慢开始处理围绕暗黑模式的模糊地带，最近的举措是在州一级。

The regulations aim to ban dark patterns — this means prohibiting companies from using “confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”

这些法规旨在禁止暗黑模式——这意味着禁止公司使用“令人困惑的语言或不必要的步骤，例如强迫消费者点击多个页面，或听取他们为什么不应该选择退出的理由”。

Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.

暗黑模式也可以通过自我监管来解决，但前提是各组织要对自己负责，不仅要遵守法律要求，还要遵守行业最佳实践和标准。

It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns ____

从前两段可以得知，暗黑模式____

The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show ____

提到2019年关于暗黑模式的研究是为了说明____

According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is ____

根据最后一段，应对暗黑模式的一个关键是____

pattern

模式

a typical competition pattern among digital giants.

数字巨头之间的一种典型竞争模式。

the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.

英国不愿重塑其经济模式。

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

从事业到社区和家庭，这些差异表明，在惨痛的大衰退之后，刚刚起步的年轻人正在确立一些优先事项和期望，这些优先事项和期望将日益渗透到美国生活的几乎所有方面，从消费偏好到住房模式再到政治。

Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

相反，我们是基于所谓文本材料与语境材料之间的互动来赋予文本意义的：即我们在文本形式结构（尤其是其语言结构）中感知到的各种组织或模式，与我们带入文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度之间的互动。

But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

但其结果是形成了一种新的社会模式，它虽然在许多方面与欧洲社会相似，却具有鲜明的美国特色。

As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

一如既往，过去是通往未来的钥匙：我们现在已经识别出足够多塑造地球及人类历史的长期规律，从而能够对我们的后代将要面临的处境做出有据可依的预测。

These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

这些问题的根源都在于人类行为：它们都需要行为上的改变和社会创新，也需要技术发展。例如，遏制气候变化既关乎开发清洁能源，也同样关乎改变消费模式和提高人们对税收的接受度。

(50) Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

(50) 乔姆斯基的语法理论应该显示出不受语系谱系或其演变路径影响的语言变化模式，而格林伯格的普遍性理论则预言特定类型的词序关系之间存在很强的相互依存性。

Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

分析结果并未证实这两种模式中的任何一种，这表明语言的结构是特定于谱系的，并不受普遍规律的支配。