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- vi. 爬上树未考
n. 树，树状物45 次
The team reconstructed the animals’ evolutionary tree and used computer models to pinpoint the domestication event when herders in Kenya and the Horn of Africa tamed wild asses.
该团队重建了这些动物的进化树，并利用计算机模型精确定位了这一驯化事件——当时肯尼亚和非洲之角的牧民驯服了野驴。
But when Swetnam enrolled in graduate school at the University of Arizona’s Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, he was surprised to find a record of repeated blazes dating back hundreds of years before European colonists arrived on the continent.
但当斯韦特纳姆进入亚利桑那大学树木年轮研究实验室读研究生时，他惊讶地发现了一份反复发生火灾的记录，这些记录可以追溯到欧洲殖民者抵达这片大陆之前的数百年。
Some of the trees he analyzed bore more than 20 fire scars among their rings.
他分析的一些树木的年轮中留有20多处火疤。
The fact that fires happened so often meant they couldn’t have been severe enough to kill most trees.
火灾发生得如此频繁，这意味着它们不可能严重到足以烧死大部分树木。
They rid the forest of dead and sick trees, reducing competition and curbing the spread of disease.
它们清除了森林中枯死和患病的树木，减少了竞争，并遏制了疾病的传播。
In 2022, Swetnam and other scientists teamed up to compile a database of fire-scarred trees from across the continent.
2022年，斯韦特纳姆和其他科学家合作，汇编了一个涵盖整个北美大陆带火疤树木的数据库。
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Their North American tree-ring fire-scar network (NAFSN) provided the basis for a study published last month.
他们建立的北美树木年轮火疤网络（NAFSN）为上个月发表的一项研究提供了基础。
the scarcity of tree-ring research in the U.S.
美国树木年轮研究的匮乏。
the treatment of diseased trees.
对患病树木的处理。
In an effort to support restoration programmes, specialists are developing supplies of seeds and seedlings, maintaining gene banks and sequencing the genomes of indigenous trees and other crops.
为了支持（森林）恢复项目，专家们正在开发种子和幼苗的供应，维护基因库，并对本土树木和其他作物进行基因组测序。
Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International’s director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are ‘masting’ species, which don’t produce seeds every year.
国际生物多样性中心驻罗马的森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，这里对基础设施——诸如收集和储存种子的机制以及培育幼苗的苗圃——的需求可能最为迫切，因为许多树木属于“大年结实”物种，并非每年都结种子。
“This is a really, really critical issue for restoration in Southeast Asia, because many of the most important timber species and tree species — the ones that will lock up the most carbon — they’re all masting species.”
“对东南亚的恢复工作来说，这是一个非常非常关键的问题，因为许多最重要的用材树种和树木物种——那些能封存最多碳的物种——都是大年结实物种。”
Climate change is a driving factor in the push to restore forests, but it also raises questions, such as where trees can thrive in the future.
气候变化是推动森林恢复的一个驱动因素，但它也引发了一些问题，比如未来树木在哪里能够茁壮生长。
Climate change is also expected to alter relationships between trees, insects, diseases and other forest species.
气候变化预计还会改变树木、昆虫、病害和其他森林物种之间的关系。
People must pay attention to the fact that some kinds of trees do not produce seeds annually.
人们必须注意到，有些种类的树木并非每年都结种子。
Human factors, as well as trees planted, should be emphasized in forest restoration.
在森林恢复中，除了所种植的树木，人的因素也应受到重视。
The Time to Act study, which is published by the RSC this week, also found that while control pupils relied on “desert island clichés” such as palm trees, target pupils were “more expansive [giving] a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions”.
RSC本周发布的这项名为“是时候表演了”的研究还发现，对照组学生依赖棕榈树之类的“荒岛套话”，而实验组学生则“更为开阔，[描绘出]天空、大海和天气状况的更宽广画面”。
In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar’s team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade.
例如，在那格浦尔，科塔卡尔的团队已经能够就在哪里植树遮阴向市政官员提出建议。
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.
（49）植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以传播很远，而且非常有特点：每种植物或树木都有其独特的气味标识。
(50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.
（50）实验表明，大象很可能利用嗅觉来识别适合取食的树丛，其次还用嗅觉来评估每片树丛中树木的质量。
(50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.
（50）实验表明，大象很可能利用嗅觉来识别适合取食的树丛，其次还用嗅觉来评估每片树丛中树木的质量。
The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood, Confor has warned.
英国林业协会Confor警告说，由于未能植树产材，英国未来将面临建筑危机。
Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees, the trade body says these don’t go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timber supplies.
就在英国政府推出新的激励措施鼓励土地所有者多种树之际，该行业组织表示，这些措施力度不够，未能宣传通过植树增加木材供应的好处。
“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now, but we will also be facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,” said Stuart Goodall, chief executive of Confor.
Confor首席执行官斯图尔特·古德尔说：“我们现在不仅面临碳危机，而且由于未能植树产材，未来还将面临建筑危机。”
The causes of the UK’s current position are complex and range from outdated perceptions of productive forestry to the decimation of trees by grey squirrels.
英国目前这种状况的原因很复杂，从对生产性林业的过时看法到灰松鼠对树木的大量毁坏，不一而足。
While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to the UK’s net-zero strategy, the focus of government support continues to be on food production and the rewilding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.
尽管生产性植树能为农村经济带来实实在在的经济效益，并有助于英国的净零排放战略，但政府支持的重点仍然放在粮食生产以及单纯为了生物多样性而进行的野化和本土林地种植上。
“While the UK government has stated its ambition for more tree planting, there has been little action on the ground.
“虽然英国政府已表明了扩大植树的雄心，但实际行动却很少。
Farmers’ unwillingness to plant trees.
农民不愿意植树。
Provide more support for productive tree planting.
为生产性植树提供更多支持。
The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.
该行业还声称，铺设假草坪的人平均会花500英镑为花园购买树木或灌木，这为昆虫提供了栖息地。
Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park?
难道真有人会认为，允许亚马逊把快递送到你在优胜美地的帐篷，或者让餐车在红杉国家公园的红杉树下排起长队，是个好主意吗？
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights — you may be [surprised] how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
如果你以前探索过这片区域，就留意熟悉的景物——你可能会惊讶地发现，认出一块特别的岩石或一棵特别的树能多么迅速地让你重新辨明方向。
[For example], even in dense forest, you should be able to [spot] gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve [through] the woods.
例如，即使在茂密的森林中，你也应该能发现林木线上的缺口，这些缺口是由道路、铁轨以及人们在树林中开辟的其他小径造成的。
The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest.
该州提出的《森林碳计划》旨在加倍努力，在部分林区间伐幼树、清除灌木。
But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.
但剩下的树木能获得更多可用水分，因此它们会茁壮成长，从而恢复森林从空气中吸收碳的能力。
Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.
健康的树木也更能抵御虫害。
Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
即使发生火灾，被烧毁的树木也会更少。
Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
自2010年以来，干旱和虫害已经导致加州超过1亿棵树木死亡，其中大部分仅在2016年就已死亡，而野火已烧毁了数十万英亩土地。
accelerate the growth of young trees.
加速幼树的生长。
cultivate more drought-resistant trees.
培育更多抗旱树木。
In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.
在2012年的一项调查中，71%的果树种植者和近80%的葡萄干及浆果种植者表示他们缺乏劳动力。
(50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.
(50) 这片原始森林树木丰富多样，是一座真正的宝库，从缅因州一直延伸到佐治亚州。
When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.
当我们失去绿色、失去植物、失去树木时，（49）我们大多数人会陷入一种精神上的萎靡不振，而我们通常将其归咎于某些心理状况，直到有一天我们发现自己置身于一座花园之中，感到那种压抑感神奇般地消失了。
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2 000 languages.
格雷和他的同事通过考察四个语系谱系对这两种理论进行了检验，这四个语系共涵盖了2000多种语言。
(50) Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
(50) 乔姆斯基的语法理论应该显示出不受语系谱系或其演变路径影响的语言变化模式，而格林伯格的普遍性理论则预言特定类型的词序关系之间存在很强的相互依存性。