university简单

One of the past winners, Professor Martin Green from the University of New South Wales, Australia, is the inventor of the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell technology which is now found in most of the world’s solar panels.

往届获奖者之一、澳大利亚新南威尔士大学的马丁·格林教授发明了钝化发射极和背面电池技术，如今世界上大多数太阳能电池板都采用了这项技术。

(46) Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions, such as a university.

(46) 近几十年来，科学逐渐形成了一种惯例，即只能通过大学等机构才能参与这门学科。

Perhaps most encouraging of all is a paper from 2022 by researchers at Stanford University, in California, that involved a mix of contrived help-seeking interactions and asking people to [recall] times they’d sought help in the past.

也许最令人鼓舞的是加州斯坦福大学研究人员2022年发表的一篇论文，该研究既设计了求助互动情境，又让人们{{16}}自己过去求助的经历。

Ohio State University allowed its students to navigate the Oval, a lawn in the centre of campus, freely, then proceeded to pave the desire paths, creating a web of effective routes students had established.

俄亥俄州立大学允许学生在校园中心的椭圆草坪上自由穿行，随后将这些欲望小径铺设成路，形成了一张由学生开辟的高效路线网。

It can be inferred that Ohio State University ____

可以推断，俄亥俄州立大学____

According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.

剑桥大学进化人类学家尼基尔·乔杜里博士认为，这些被称为“异亲抚育”的做法可以减轻孩子和父母的焦虑。

In her new book Cogs and Monsters: What Economics Is, and What It Should Be, Diane Coyle, an economist at Cambridge University, argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress.

剑桥大学经济学家黛安·科伊尔在其新书《齿轮与怪兽：经济学是什么，又应该是什么》中指出，数字经济需要以新的方式来思考进步。

In one example, an individual — acting as author, editor, and consultant — was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.

在一个例子中，一个人身兼作者、编辑和顾问三职，竟能利用至少15种期刊为三所大学的五位科学家发表的文章提供引用。

The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow.

哥伦比亚大学心理学教授贝特西·斯帕罗认为，互联网改变的或许只是我们记住的内容，而非我们的记忆能力。

And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.

而且，在加州大学洛杉矶分校塞默尔神经科学与人类行为研究所2008年开展的一项有24名参与者的研究中，对于精通电脑的老年人来说，上网比阅读更能锻炼大脑。

A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.

莱顿大学的埃维琳·克罗内及其同事在《儿童发展》期刊上发表的一项新研究表明，青少年的积极面和消极面是相伴相生的。

They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season — provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub.

他们在这部有300年历史的乐谱中注入了每个季节的最新气候预测数据——这些数据由莫纳什大学气候变化传播研究中心提供——从而对其进行了重新构思。

The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences.

我所在大学的动物学专业吸引了这样一些学生：参观动物园是他们关键的成长经历，正是这一经历促使他们主修生物科学。

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.

宾夕法尼亚州立大学布兰迪万分校农业经济学副教授朱莉·斯坦顿表示，再生产品可能很难推销，因为这个概念很难被快速定义。

They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.

据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格贝尔说，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生对这一话题的态度多变且不稳定；这种行为很容易衡量；伦理学文献大体上认同少吃肉是好的，因为这能减少环境危害和动物痛苦。

“It’s an awesome data set,” says Nina Strohminger, a psychologist who teaches business ethics at the University of Pennsylvania and was not involved in the study.

“这是一个很棒的数据集，”在宾夕法尼亚大学教授商业伦理、未参与该研究的心理学家尼娜·斯特罗明格说。

Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable.

未参与该研究的宾夕法尼亚大学心理学家尼娜·斯特罗明格说，她希望这种效果是真实的，但无法排除某个未知混杂变量的影响。

“Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.

“运动太多太快，要么导致受伤，要么导致精疲力竭，”印第安纳大学布卢明顿分校人体运动学系教员玛丽·约克博士说。

Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital.

迈阿密大学医院的物理治疗师、物理治疗博士马库斯·贾科维茨说，每天活动十分钟是一个良好的开端。

In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的经济学家保罗·费拉罗说，事实上，扶贫和环境保护常常被视为相互冲突的目标。

“There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.

“有实验表明，面试结果自然而然地比人工智能的结果带有更多偏见，”《终极算法：机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界》一书的作者、华盛顿大学计算机科学教授佩德罗·多明戈斯说。

(47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.

(47) 而且，这些社会中兴起的接受高等教育的需求扩展到了战前从未想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。

In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.

在20世纪60年代和70年代，欧洲大学的治理安排发生了显著变化，初级教员被赋予了权力，学生在某种程度上也是如此。

The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.

这项努力是集体性的，参与者包括其他公司以及一所瑞典大学。

According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 percent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.

根据英国利兹大学一份关于英国粮食生产的报告，该国85%的土地总面积与肉类和奶制品生产有关。

The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK ____

利兹大学的报告显示，在英国____

“It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing.

“这就好比你在开手动挡的车，”东北大学心理学家朱迪思·霍尔说，“如果你开始想得太多，你就会记不起自己在做什么。

Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.

直到本世纪之前，大学图书馆对价格都不太敏感。

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了全世界25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑；而仅英国的大学在2016年就花费了2.1亿多英镑，让研究人员能够查阅他们自己由公共资金资助的研究；尽管人们为改变这一状况所作的努力越来越孤注一掷，这两个数字似乎仍在势不可挡地上升。

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.

然而，新体系并没有让大学的花费减少。

thrived mainly on university libraries.

主要依靠大学图书馆而兴旺。

free universities from financial burdens.

使大学摆脱了财务负担。

To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.

为了弄清这种能力是否延伸到非生命体，加州大学圣迭戈分校的拉蕾·奎因和她的同事测试了老鼠能否察觉到来自机器鼠的社交信号。

“We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

“我们原以为得给它装上能动的头和尾巴、加上面部特征，还要给它喷上气味让它闻起来像真老鼠，但事实证明没有必要，”协助这项研究的澳大利亚昆士兰大学的珍妮特·怀尔斯说。

In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose).

与此同时，在2019年对佐治亚大学学生进行的一项调查中，就业指导办公室发现，学生最希望未来雇主具备的特质是能够提供稳定的工作（其次是职业发展和培训，然后是鼓舞人心的目标）。

“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

俄亥俄州立大学教务主任杰克·迈纳说：“最终，我们看到学生取得了更大的成功，因为他们重修了一门课程，在后续课程中表现更好，或者掌握了能让他们按时毕业的内容。”

Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education.

的确，成绩豁免只是大学回应消费者对高等教育期望的又一种方式。

To increase universities’ income from tuition.

增加大学的学费收入。

Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.

斯坦福大学神经科学家戴维·伊格尔曼说，人类究竟如何思考仍然过于复杂，难以理解，更不用说复制了。

"There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary — feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

“关于内疚是什么、内疚能起什么作用，出现了一种复兴或者说重新思考，”弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿姆丽莎·韦什说。她还补充说，这种复兴是一种更广泛认识的一部分，即情绪并非非此即彼——在一种情境中可能有益的感受，在另一种情境中可能有害。

Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.

多伦多大学心理学教授蒂娜·马尔蒂的研究表明，内疚可能弥补某种情感上的缺陷。

About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.

根据牛津大学的一项研究，美国约有一半的工作面临被自动化取代的高风险，而中产阶级受到的挤压格外严重。

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter.

哈佛大学的一项新调查发现，超过三分之二的美国年轻人不赞成特朗普总统使用推特。

During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford.

据牛津大学称，在2016年总统竞选期间，在政治上至关重要的密歇根州，推特用户分享的网络内容中近四分之一是假新闻。

A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校2014年在澳大利亚、英国和美国开展的一项调查发现，年轻人对社交媒体的依赖使他们更多地参与政治。

(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

(48) 但职业剧团在其固定的剧院里兴旺发达，怀有文学抱负的大学毕业生很快就转向这些剧院，把它们当作谋生之道。

In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students’ willingness to [expose] themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.

在一系列共四项实验中，芝加哥大学和威斯康星商学院的行为科学家测试了学生为满足好奇心而让自己暴露于不愉快刺激之下的意愿。

The drive to [discover] is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for [food] or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago.

芝加哥大学的奚恺元（Christopher Hsee）说，探索发现的冲动深深植根于人类，与对食物或住所的基本需求非常相似。

In a recent study [involving] over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs [on] the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being [exposed] to the virus.

在最近一项{{5}}400多名健康成年人的研究中，宾夕法尼亚州卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员考察了感知到的社会支持和获得拥抱{{6}}参与者在{{7}}病毒后患普通感冒易感性的影响。

“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

“许多工作枯燥、有损尊严、不健康，而且浪费人的潜能，”爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦分校的讲师约翰·丹纳赫说。

At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.

科罗拉多大学的鲍尔奇教授说，与此同时，人们仍然把火视为一种需要完全控制、只在必要时才释放的事物。

Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favorite activities.

在申请大学之前，我告诉所有人我要学新闻，因为写作过去是、现在仍然是我最喜欢的活动之一。

According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.

根据普林斯顿大学的研究，人们仅凭你的外表，在十分之一秒内就会评估出你的能力、可信度和亲和力。

That is [what] a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has [concluded].

这就是加州大学和耶鲁大学发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究所得出的结论。

That is [what] a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has [concluded].

这就是加州大学和耶鲁大学发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究所得出的结论。

But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.

但由于这类学生如果在高等教育中取得成功，最有可能在经济上实现提升，因此几十年来各高校一直在努力招收更多这样的学生。

The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.

论文作者来自不同的大学，他们的结论基于对一所未具名私立大学的147名（完成该项目的）学生进行的研究。

The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university.

论文作者来自不同的大学，他们的结论基于对一所未具名私立大学的147名（完成该项目的）学生进行的研究。

“Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.”

“由于美国高校很少承认社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不明白自己为何举步维艰，也不懂得‘像他们这样的’学生该如何进步。”

study at private universities.

在私立大学就读。

universities often reject the culture of the middle-class.

大学常常排斥中产阶级文化。

In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”

2010年，国会中民主党和共和党的领袖人物致信美国艺术与科学院，要求其确定“联邦、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者及其他各方”可以采取哪些行动，以“保持国家在人文社会科学学术和教育方面的卓越地位”。

Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.

该委员会的51名成员中有顶尖大学的校长、学者、律师、法官和企业高管，还有外交、电影、音乐和新闻界的知名人士。

Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.

遗憾的是，尽管历时两年半才完成，《问题的核心》却始终没有触及问题的核心：我国一流高校中博雅教育的“不博雅”本质。

The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.

该委员会忽视了这样一个事实：几十年来，美国高校培养出的毕业生并不了解博雅教育的内容和特质，因而也无法从中受益。

“It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,” says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves.”

“并不是说人们的个人资料不诚实，”威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的卡塔琳娜·托马说，“而是他们描绘的是理想化的自己。”

To [test] this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.

为了检验这一想法，他把目光转向了大学招生过程。

Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating.

多伦多大学的心理学家发现，仅仅看几毫秒的快餐标志，就会促使我们的阅读速度加快20%，尽管阅读与吃饭几乎毫无关系。

A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree.

美国四分之一的公共部门雇员拥有大学学位。

The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.

美国公共部门雇员中，年收入远超25万美元的只有大学体育教练和美国总统。

Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

奥克兰大学的拉塞尔·格雷及其同事参照此前两次寻找语言普遍性的尝试，来考察语法的演变。

The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

哥伦比亚大学经济学家蒂尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究表明，并非所有在衰退期毕业的人都会人生机遇黯淡：拥有名校学位的人能相当快地追赶上来，达到他们在经济较好时期毕业本应达到的水平；被甩在后面的是他们之下的普通大众。

The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

哥伦比亚大学经济学家蒂尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究表明，并非所有在衰退期毕业的人都会人生机遇黯淡：拥有名校学位的人能相当快地追赶上来，达到他们在经济较好时期毕业本应达到的水平；被甩在后面的是他们之下的普通大众。

The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to ____

蒂尔·冯·瓦赫特的研究表明，在经济衰退中，名校毕业生往往____

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.

发展中国家的人们担忧人口迁移时，通常担心的是本国最优秀、最聪明的人才可能会流向硅谷，或流向发达国家的医院和大学。

They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.

他们担心人才流失会损害本国经济，使本国失去急需的技术人才，而这些人本可以在本国大学任教、在本国医院工作，并为本国工厂设计出巧妙的新产品。

In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to [hold] a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile — or with their lips, which would produce a(n) [disappointed] expression.

在1988年发表的一项实验中，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨·斯特拉克让志愿者要么用牙齿咬住一支笔——由此制造出一个假笑——要么用嘴唇含住笔，这会产生一种失望的表情。

The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.

《观念的市场：美国大学的改革与阻力》这本精妙而睿智的小书，每一个打算申请攻读博士学位的学生都应该读一读。

For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

因为美国大学里一直在发生一些奇怪的事情，而哈佛大学英语教授路易斯·梅南巧妙地捕捉到了这一点。

For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

因为美国大学里一直在发生一些奇怪的事情，而哈佛大学英语教授路易斯·梅南巧妙地捕捉到了这一点。

Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor.

美国顶尖大学除了通过这种分离使各类职业专业化之外，还使教授这一职业专业化了。

His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read” — they form a sort of social glue.

他关注的主要是人文学科：文学、语言、哲学等。这些学科正在变得不受欢迎：如今22%的美国大学毕业生主修商科，而主修历史的只有2%，主修英语的只有4%。然而，许多美国一流大学希望本科生打好基础，掌握每一个受过教育的人都应具备的基本思想经典。但大多数大学难以就“通识教育”应该是什么样子达成一致。梅南先生指出，在哈佛，“名著之所以被阅读，是因为它们一直被人阅读”——它们形成了一种社会黏合剂。

Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

同样不足为奇的是，最终只有大约一半的人得到了他们当初读研究生时所追求的教授职位。职位实在太少了。部分原因是大学不断培养出越来越多的博士。但想学习人文学科的学生却越来越少：英语系在1970—1971学年授予的学士学位比20年后还要多。学生越少，所需的教师也就越少。因此，在花了十年时间撰写论文之后，许多人文学科的学生离开了这一行，去做他们没有受过训练的工作。

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

此类课程难以设计和讲授的原因之一在于，它们与美国顶尖大学的一贯主张相抵触，即博雅教育和职业教育应当分开，由不同的学院讲授。许多学生两种教育都会经历。虽然超过一半的哈佛本科生最终从事法律、医学或商业，但未来的医生和律师在攻读职业资格之前，必须先读一个非专业性的文科学位。

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became President of Brown University.

2000年1月，露丝·西蒙斯以外部董事身份加入高盛董事会；一年后，她成为布朗大学校长。

The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.

俄亥俄大学的研究人员使用了一个数据库，其中涵盖了1989年至2004年间一万多家公司和六万四千多名不同的董事。

According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director's surprise departure, the firm is likely to ____

根据俄亥俄大学研究人员的说法，外部董事意外离职后，公司很可能____